A fullerene is an allotrope of carbon whose molecules consist of carbon atoms connected by single and double bonds so as to form a closed or partially closed mesh,with fused rings of five to seven atoms. The molecules may be hollow spheres,ellipsoids,tubes,or other shapes.
Sir Harold Walter Kroto was an English chemist. He shared the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Robert Curl and Richard Smalley for their discovery of fullerenes. He was the recipient of many other honors and awards.
Richard Errett Smalley was an American chemist who was the Gene and Norman Hackerman Professor of Chemistry,Physics,and Astronomy at Rice University. In 1996,along with Robert Curl,also a professor of chemistry at Rice,and Harold Kroto,a professor at the University of Sussex,he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the discovery of a new form of carbon,buckminsterfullerene,also known as buckyballs. He was an advocate of nanotechnology and its applications.
Buckminsterfullerene is a type of fullerene with the formula C60. It has a cage-like fused-ring structure (truncated icosahedron) made of twenty hexagons and twelve pentagons,and resembles a football. Each of its 60 carbon atoms is bonded to its three neighbors.
In chemistry,noble gas compounds are chemical compounds that include an element from the noble gases,group 18 of the periodic table. Although the noble gases are generally unreactive elements,many such compounds have been observed,particularly involving the element xenon.
Gas electron diffraction (GED) is one of the applications of electron diffraction techniques. The target of this method is the determination of the structure of gaseous molecules,i.e.,the geometrical arrangement of the atoms from which a molecule is built up. GED is one of two experimental methods to determine the structure of free molecules,undistorted by intermolecular forces,which are omnipresent in the solid and liquid state. The determination of accurate molecular structures by GED studies is fundamental for an understanding of structural chemistry.
Endohedral fullerenes,also called endofullerenes,are fullerenes that have additional atoms,ions,or clusters enclosed within their inner spheres. The first lanthanum C60 complex called La@C60 was synthesized in 1985. The @ (at sign) in the name reflects the notion of a small molecule trapped inside a shell. Two types of endohedral complexes exist:endohedral metallofullerenes and non-metal doped fullerenes.
The Prato reaction is a particular example of the well-known 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides to olefins. In fullerene chemistry this reaction refers to the functionalization of fullerenes and nanotubes. The amino acid sarcosine reacts with paraformaldehyde when heated at reflux in toluene to an ylide which reacts with a double bond in a 6,6 ring position in a fullerene via a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition to yield a N-methylpyrrolidine derivative or pyrrolidinofullerene or pyrrolidino[[3,4:1,2]] [60]fullerene in 82% yield based on C60 conversion.
Endohedral hydrogen fullerene (H2@C60) is an endohedral fullerene containing molecular hydrogen. This chemical compound has a potential application in molecular electronics and was synthesized in 2005 at Kyoto University by the group of Koichi Komatsu. Ordinarily the payload of endohedral fullerenes are inserted at the time of the synthesis of the fullerene itself or is introduced to the fullerene at very low yields at high temperatures and high pressure. This particular fullerene was synthesised in an unusual way in three steps starting from pristine C60 fullerene:cracking open the carbon framework,insert hydrogen gas and zipping up by organic synthesis methods.
Lanthanum carbide (LaC2) is a chemical compound. It is being studied in relation to the manufacture of certain types of superconductors and nanotubes.
Fullerene chemistry is a field of organic chemistry devoted to the chemical properties of fullerenes. Research in this field is driven by the need to functionalize fullerenes and tune their properties. For example,fullerene is notoriously insoluble and adding a suitable group can enhance solubility. By adding a polymerizable group,a fullerene polymer can be obtained. Functionalized fullerenes are divided into two classes:exohedral fullerenes with substituents outside the cage and endohedral fullerenes with trapped molecules inside the cage.
In nuclear chemistry and nuclear physics,J-couplings are mediated through chemical bonds connecting two spins. It is an indirect interaction between two nuclear spins that arises from hyperfine interactions between the nuclei and local electrons. In NMR spectroscopy,J-coupling contains information about relative bond distances and angles. Most importantly,J-coupling provides information on the connectivity of chemical bonds. It is responsible for the often complex splitting of resonance lines in the NMR spectra of fairly simple molecules.
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a physical phenomenon in which nuclei in a strong constant magnetic field are perturbed by a weak oscillating magnetic field and respond by producing an electromagnetic signal with a frequency characteristic of the magnetic field at the nucleus. This process occurs near resonance,when the oscillation frequency matches the intrinsic frequency of the nuclei,which depends on the strength of the static magnetic field,the chemical environment,and the magnetic properties of the isotope involved;in practical applications with static magnetic fields up to ca. 20 tesla,the frequency is similar to VHF and UHF television broadcasts (60–1000 MHz). NMR results from specific magnetic properties of certain atomic nuclei. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is widely used to determine the structure of organic molecules in solution and study molecular physics and crystals as well as non-crystalline materials. NMR is also routinely used in advanced medical imaging techniques,such as in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The original application of NMR to condensed matter physics is nowadays mostly devoted to strongly correlated electron systems. It reveals large many-body couplings by fast broadband detection and it should not to be confused with solid state NMR,which aims at removing the effect of the same couplings by Magic Angle Spinning techniques.
Rodney S. "Rod" Ruoff is an American physical chemist and nanoscience researcher. He is one of the world experts on carbon materials including carbon nanostructures such as fullerenes,nanotubes,graphene,diamond,and has had pioneering discoveries on such materials and others. Ruoff received his B.S. in chemistry from the University of Texas at Austin (1981) and his Ph.D. in chemical physics at the University of Illinois-Urbana (1988). After a Fulbright Fellowship at the MPI fuer Stroemungsforschung in Goettingen,Germany (1989) and postdoctoral work at the IBM T. J. Watson Research Center (1990–91),Ruoff became a staff scientist in the Molecular Physics Laboratory at SRI International (1991–1996). He is currently UNIST Distinguished Professor at the Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST),and the director of the Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials,an Institute for Basic Science Center located at UNIST.
C70 fullerene is the fullerene molecule consisting of 70 carbon atoms. It is a cage-like fused-ring structure which resembles a rugby ball,made of 25 hexagons and 12 pentagons,with a carbon atom at the vertices of each polygon and a bond along each polygon edge. A related fullerene molecule,named buckminsterfullerene (or C60 fullerene) consists of 60 carbon atoms.
A transition metal fullerene complex is a coordination complex wherein fullerene serves as a ligand. Fullerenes are typically spheroidal carbon compounds,the most prevalent being buckminsterfullerene,C60.
In chemistry,a metallofullerene is a molecule composed of a metal atom trapped inside a fullerene cage.
Toxicology of carbon nanomaterials is the study of toxicity in carbon nanomaterials like fullerenes and carbon nanotubes.
The solubility of fullerenes is generally low. Carbon disulfide dissolves 8g/L of C60,and the best solvent (1-chloronaphthalene) dissolves 53 g/L. up Still,fullerenes are the only known allotrope of carbon that can be dissolved in common solvents at room temperature. Besides those two,good solvents for fullerenes include 1,2-dichlorobenzene,toluene,p-xylene,and 1,2,3-tribromopropane. Fullerenes are highly insoluble in water,and practically insoluble in methanol.
Marilyn Olmstead was an American chemist,an expert in small molecule crystallography and an international leader in the crystallographic study of fullerenes,or "Buckyballs." She held the position of professor emerita of chemistry at the University of California Davis.
