Internet Society

Last updated
Internet Society
AbbreviationISOC
FormationDecember 11, 1992;31 years ago (1992-12-11) [1]
Founders
54-1650477 [2]
Legal status 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization [2]
PurposeInternet development, infrastructure, accessibility and standards
Headquarters Reston, Virginia, U.S. [3]
Region served
Global
Membership
80,000+ (August 2021) [4] [ non-primary source needed ]
Andrew Sullivan [5]
Ted Hardie [5]
Subsidiaries
Revenue (2018)
US$56,762,624 [3]
Expenses (2018)US$45,104,865 [3]
Employees (2018)
110
Volunteers (2018)
4,099 (IETF, IESG, IAB, IRTF) [3] [7]
Website internetsociety.org

The Internet Society (ISOC) is an American nonprofit advocacy organization founded in 1992 with local chapters around the world. Its mission is "to promote the open development, evolution, and use of the Internet for the benefit of all people throughout the world". It has offices in Reston, Virginia, U.S., and Geneva, Switzerland.

Contents

Organization

The Internet Society has regional bureaus worldwide, [8] composed of chapters, organizational members, [9] and, as of July 2020, more than 70,000 individual members. [4] The Internet Society has a staff of more than 100 and was governed by a board of trustees, whose members are appointed or elected by the society's chapters, organization members, and the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). [10] [11] The IETF comprised the Internet Society's volunteer base. [12] Its leadership includes Chairman of the Board of Trustees, Ted Hardie; and President and CEO, Andrew Sullivan. [13] [14]

The Internet Society created the Public Interest Registry (PIR), [15] launched the Internet Hall of Fame, [16] and served as the organizational home of the IETF. [9] The Internet Society Foundation was created in 2017 as its independent philanthropic arm, [17] which awarded grants to organizations. [18]

History

In 1991, the National Science Foundation (NSF) contract with the Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI) to operate the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) expired. The then Internet Activities Board (IAB) sought to create a non-profit institution that could take over the role. In 1992 Vint Cerf, Bob Kahn and Lyman Chapin announced the formation of the Internet Society as "a professional society to facilitate, support, and promote the evolution and growth of the Internet as a global research communications infrastructure", which would incorporate the IAB, the IETF, and the Internet Research Task Force (IRTF), plus the organization of the annual INET meetings. [19] This arrangement was formalized in RFC1602 in 1993. [20]

In 1999, after Jon Postel's death, ISOC established the Jonathan B. Postel Service Award. The award has been presented every year since 1999 by the Internet Society to "honor a person who has made outstanding contributions in service to the data communications community".

By mid-2000, the Internet Society's finances became precarious, and several individuals and organizations stepped forward to fill the gap. Until 2001, there were also trustees elected by individual members of the Internet Society. Those elections were "suspended" in 2001. This was ostensibly done as a fiscal measure due to the perception that the elections were too expensive for the precarious financial state of the organization. In later Bylaw revisions, the concept of individual member-selected trustees went from "suspended" to being deleted altogether.

In late 2001, leaders from Afilias (a domain name registry) approached the Internet Society CEO Lynn St.Amour, to propose a novel partnership to jointly bid for the .org registry. In this model, the Internet Society would become the new home of .org, and all technical and service functions would be managed by Afilias. Afilias would pay for all bid expenses and would contribute towards the Internet Society payroll while the bid was under consideration by ICANN. The Internet Society Board approved this proposal at their Board meeting in 2001.

In 2002 ISOC successfully bid for the .org registry and formed the Public Interest Registry (PIR), to manage and operate it.

In 2010, ISOC launched its first community network initiative to deploy five wireless mesh-based networks in rural locations across India. [21]

In 2012, on ISOC's 20th anniversary, it established the Internet Hall of Fame, an award to "publicly recognize a distinguished and select group of visionaries, leaders, and luminaries who have made significant contributions to the development and advancement of the global Internet".

On June 8, 2011, ISOC mounted World IPv6 Day to test IPv6 deployment.

In 2012 ISOC launched Deploy360, a portal and training program to promote IPv6 and DNSSEC. [22]

On June 6, 2012, ISOC organized the World IPv6 Launch, this time with the intention of leaving IPv6 permanently enabled on all participating sites.

In 2016 Deploy 360 extended its campaigns to include Mutually Agreed Norms for Routing Security (MANRS) and DNS-based Authentication of Named Entities (DANE).

In 2017 ISOC's North America Region launched an annual Indigenous Connectivity Summit with an event in Santa Fe, New Mexico. [23] In subsequent years the event has been held in Inuvik, NWT, [24] and Hilo, Hawaii. [25]

In December 2017 ISOC absorbed the standards body Online Trust Alliance (OTA) which produces an annual Online Trust Audit, a Cyber Incident Response Guide, and an Internet of Things (IoT) Trust Framework. [26]

In August 2018 the Internet Society organized the IETF more formally as the IETF Administration LLC (IETF LLC) underneath ISOC. [27] The IETF LLC continues to be closely associated with ISOC and is significantly funded by ISOC.

Support of United Nations Internet Governance Initiative

The ubiquity of the Internet in modern-day society has prompted António Guterres, the United Nations Secretary-General to convene a panel of professional experts to discuss the future of the Internet and the role of the Internet in globalized digital cooperation. Three models were proposed after several rounds of discussion, i.e. a Digital Commons Architecture (DCA), a Distributed Co-Governance Architecture (CoGov), and a reformed Internet Governance Forum (IGF+). As of October 2020, the ISOC is leading and facilitating multi-round meetings for Stakeholders' Dialogue to collect, compile, and submit the inputs of worldwide professionals and experts for future governance of the Internet. [28]

Activities

In the late 1990s, the Internet Society established the Jonathan B. Postel Service Award. [29] It was presented every year to honor a person who has made outstanding contributions in service to the data communications community.

The Internet Society's activities included MANRS (Mutually Agreed Norms for Routing Security) – which was launched in 2014 to provide crucial fixes to reduce the most common threats to the Internet's routing infrastructure. [30]

The society organized the Africa Peering and Interconnection Forum (AfPIF) to help grow the Internet infrastructure in Africa and hosts Internet development conferences in developing markets. [31] [32]

The society offered Deploy360, an information hub, portal and training program to promote IPv6 and DNSSEC. [22]

In 2017 it launched an annual Indigenous Connectivity Summit to connect tribal communities, starting with an event in Santa Fe, New Mexico. In subsequent years the event was held in Inuvik, NWT, and Hilo, Hawaii. [33] [34]

The society also publishes reports on global Internet issues, [35] and created tools, surveys, codes, and policy recommendations to improve Internet use. [36] [37] [38] The society supports projects to build community networks and infrastructure, secure routing protocols, and advocate for end-to-end encryption. [39] [9] [40]

Controversies

Sale of the Public Interest Registry

In 2019 the Internet Society agreed to the sale of the Public Interest Registry to Ethos Capital for $1.135 billion, a transaction initially expected to be completed in early 2020. The Internet Society said it planned to use the proceeds to fund an endowment. [41] The Public Interest Registry is a non-profit subsidiary of the Internet Society which operates three top-level domain names (.ORG, .NGO, and .ONG), all of which have traditionally focused on serving the non-profit and non-governmental organization communities.

The sale was met with significant opposition due to involving the transfer of what is viewed as a public asset to a private equity investment firm. [42] In late January 2020, the ICANN halted its final approval of the sale after the Attorney General of California requested detailed documentation from all parties, citing concerns that both ICANN and the Internet Society had potentially violated their public interest missions as registered charities subject to the laws of California. [43] In February, the Internet Society's Chapter Advisory Council (which represents its membership) began the process to adopt a motion rejecting the sale if certain conditions were not complied with. [44] On April 30, 2020, ICANN rejected the proposal to sell the PIR to Ethos Capital. [45] [46]

Denial of participation of Iranians in activities

In September 2016, the Internet Society indicated that it would not seek to obtain a license from the Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) of the US Department of the Treasury that would allow it to fund the activities of Iranian nationals. [47] This caused considerable distress to ISOC members in Iran, who were thus unable to launch an Internet Society chapter in Iran, and saw a fellowship revoked that the Internet Society had awarded to fund the travel of Iranian student to visit the Internet Governance Forum in Mexico.[ citation needed ]

Related Research Articles

The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical and distributed name service that provides a naming system for computers, services, and other resources in the Internet or other Internet Protocol (IP) networks. It associates various information with domain names assigned to each of the associated entities. Most prominently, it translates readily memorized domain names to the numerical IP addresses needed for locating and identifying computer services and devices with the underlying network protocols. The Domain Name System has been an essential component of the functionality of the Internet since 1985.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ICANN</span> American nonprofit organization that coordinates several Internet address databases

The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers is a global multistakeholder group and nonprofit organization headquartered in the United States responsible for coordinating the maintenance and procedures of several databases related to the namespaces and numerical spaces of the Internet, ensuring the Internet's stable and secure operation. ICANN performs the actual technical maintenance work of the Central Internet Address pools and DNS root zone registries pursuant to the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) function contract. The contract regarding the IANA stewardship functions between ICANN and the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) of the United States Department of Commerce ended on October 1, 2016, formally transitioning the functions to the global multistakeholder community.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Internet Engineering Task Force</span> Open Internet standards organization

The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is a standards organization for the Internet and is responsible for the technical standards that make up the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP). It has no formal membership roster or requirements and all its participants are volunteers. Their work is usually funded by employers or other sponsors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Internet Assigned Numbers Authority</span> Standards organization overseeing IP addresses

The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is a standards organization that oversees global IP address allocation, autonomous system number allocation, root zone management in the Domain Name System (DNS), media types, and other Internet Protocol–related symbols and Internet numbers.

The Internet Architecture Board (IAB) is "a committee of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and an advisory body of the Internet Society (ISOC). Its responsibilities include architectural oversight of IETF activities, Internet Standards Process oversight and appeal, and the appointment of the Request for Comments (RFC) Editor. The IAB is also responsible for the management of the IETF protocol parameter registries."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">.org</span> Generic top-level domain

The domain name .org is a generic top-level domain (gTLD) of the Domain Name System (DNS) used on the Internet. The name is truncated from 'organization'. It was one of the original domains established in 1985, and has been operated by the Public Interest Registry since 2003. The domain was originally "intended as the miscellaneous TLD for organizations that didn't fit anywhere else." It is commonly used by non-profit organizations, open-source projects, and communities, but is an open domain that can be used by anyone. The number of registered domains in .org has increased from fewer than one million in the 1990s, to ten million in 2012, and held steady between ten and eleven million since then.

The Domain Name System Security Extensions (DNSSEC) are a suite of extension specifications by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) for securing data exchanged in the Domain Name System (DNS) in Internet Protocol (IP) networks. The protocol provides cryptographic authentication of data, authenticated denial of existence, and data integrity, but not availability or confidentiality.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">.info</span> Generic top-level domain

.info is a generic top-level domain (gTLD) in the Domain Name System (DNS) of the Internet. The name is derived from information, although registration requirements do not prescribe any particular purpose.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Internationalized domain name</span> Type of Internet domain name

An internationalized domain name (IDN) is an Internet domain name that contains at least one label displayed in software applications, in whole or in part, in non-Latin script or alphabet or in the Latin alphabet-based characters with diacritics or ligatures. These writing systems are encoded by computers in multibyte Unicode. Internationalized domain names are stored in the Domain Name System (DNS) as ASCII strings using Punycode transcription.

A country code top-level domain (ccTLD) is an Internet top-level domain generally used or reserved for a country, sovereign state, or dependent territory identified with a country code. All ASCII ccTLD identifiers are two letters long, and all two-letter top-level domains are ccTLDs.

The domain name arpa is a top-level domain (TLD) in the Domain Name System (DNS) of the Internet. It is used predominantly for the management of technical network infrastructure. Prominent among such functions are the subdomains in-addr.arpa and ip6.arpa, which provide namespaces for reverse DNS lookup of IPv4 and IPv6 addresses, respectively.

The Canadian Internet Registration Authority (CIRA) is the organization that manages the .ca country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Canada. Its offices are located at 979 Bank Street in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. CIRA sets the policies and agendas that support Canada's internet community and Canada's involvement in international internet governance. It is a member-driven organization with membership open to all that hold a .ca domain. As of March 2023, there were more than 3.3 million active .ca domains.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Afilias</span> Web domain registration company

Afilias, Inc. was a US corporation that was the registry operator of the .info, .mobi and .pro top-level domain, service provider for registry operators of .org, .ngo, .lgbt, .asia, .aero, and a provider of domain name registry services for countries around the world, including .MN (Mongolia), .AG, .AU (Australia), .BM (Bermuda), .BZ (Belize), .AC, .GI (Gibraltar), .IO .ME (Montenegro), .PR, .SC, .SH, and .VC. Afilias also provided ancillary support to other domains, including .SG (Singapore), .LA (Laos), and .HN (Honduras). It was merged into Identity Digital in 2022.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">.web</span> Proposed top-level internet domain

.web is a proposed top-level domain (TLD) that was created and assigned by an auction process to several bidding companies. It was awarded to Nu Dot Co LLC, which is primarily funded by Verisign.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Internet governance</span> System of laws, policies and practices

Internet governance consists of a system of laws, rules, policies and practices that dictate how its board members manage and oversee the affairs of any internet related-regulatory body. This article describes how the Internet was and is currently governed, some inherent controversies, and ongoing debates regarding how and why the Internet should or should not be governed in future.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bill Woodcock</span> Internet infrastructure pioneer (born 1971)

Bill Woodcock is the executive director of Packet Clearing House, the international organization responsible for providing operational support and security to critical Internet infrastructure, including Internet exchange points and the core of the domain name system; the chairman of the Foundation Council of Quad9; the president of WoodyNet; and the CEO of EcoTruc and EcoRace, companies developing electric vehicle technology for work and motorsport. Bill founded one of the earliest Internet service providers, and is best known for his 1989 development of the anycast routing technique that is now ubiquitous in Internet content distribution networks and the domain name system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">IPv4 address exhaustion</span> Depletion of unallocated IPv4 addresses

IPv4 address exhaustion is the depletion of the pool of unallocated IPv4 addresses. Because the original Internet architecture had fewer than 4.3 billion addresses available, depletion has been anticipated since the late 1980s when the Internet started experiencing dramatic growth. This depletion is one of the reasons for the development and deployment of its successor protocol, IPv6. IPv4 and IPv6 coexist on the Internet.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Désirée Miloshevic</span>

Désirée Zeljka Miloshevic is an Internet public servant, and was a special advisor to the chair of the United Nations' Internet Governance Forum Multi-stakeholder Advisory Group. Additionally, she is Senior Public Policy and International Affairs Advisor in Europe for Afilias, the domain name registry.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">.au Domain Administration</span> Manager of the .au domain

.au Domain Administration (auDA) is the policy authority and industry self-regulatory body for the .au domain, which is the country-code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Australia. It was formed in 1999 to manage the .au ccTLD with the endorsement of the Australian Government and the authority of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). It is a not-for-profit membership organisation that promotes and protects the .au domain space.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Public Interest Registry</span>

Public Interest Registry is a not-for-profit based in Reston, Virginia, created by the Internet Society in 2002 to manage the .ORG top-level domain. It took over operation of .ORG in January 2003 and launched the .NGO and .ONG top-level domains in March 2015.

References

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  2. 1 2 "2016 Form 990 Filing: Internet Society" (PDF). Internal Revenue Service. 2018-01-17. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-12-12. Retrieved 2019-12-11.
  3. 1 2 3 4 "2018 Form 990" (PDF). Form 990. 2019. p. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 6, 2019. Retrieved February 19, 2020.
  4. 1 2 "Internet Society". Archived from the original on November 12, 2019. Retrieved August 18, 2021.
  5. 1 2 "Board of Trustees". internetsociety.org. Archived from the original on 2019-12-10. Retrieved 2019-12-11.
  6. ↑ "2018 Form 990" (PDF). Form 990. 2019. p. 78. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 6, 2019. Retrieved February 19, 2020.
  7. ↑ "Internet Society Form 990: Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)". Internet Society. Archived from the original on March 26, 2020. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
  8. ↑ Duffy Marsan, Carolyn (March 26, 2012). "Internet Society celebrates 20 years of standards, advocacy". Network World. Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved February 19, 2020.
  9. 1 2 3 Higgins, Kelly Jackson (June 1, 2017). "Internet Society Takes On IoT, Website Security, Incident Response via OTA Merger". Dark Reading. Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved February 19, 2020.
  10. ↑ "Meet the Team". Archived from the original on July 27, 2020. Retrieved July 30, 2020.
  11. ↑ "Board of Trustees". Archived from the original on October 2, 2020. Retrieved Oct 4, 2020.
  12. ↑ "Internet Society Form 990: Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)". Internet Society. Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved August 14, 2020.
  13. ↑ "Domain Wars: Nonprofit .Org Addresses Could Soon Belong To A For-Profit Company". On Point by WBUR-FM . January 21, 2020. Archived from the original on January 22, 2020. Retrieved February 19, 2020.
  14. ↑ Finley, Klint (February 4, 2020). "Who Should Control the Internet's .Org Addresses?". Wired . Archived from the original on February 10, 2020. Retrieved February 19, 2020.
  15. ↑ McCarthy, Kieran (November 29, 2019). "Internet Society CEO: Most people don't care about the .org sell-off – and nothing short of a court order will stop it". The Register. Archived from the original on February 9, 2020. Retrieved February 19, 2020.
  16. ↑ Asmelash, Leah (September 27, 2019). "Larry Irving is the first African American inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame". CNN . Archived from the original on February 3, 2020. Retrieved February 19, 2020.
  17. ↑ McCarthy, Kieren (December 3, 2019). "Internet Society says opportunity to sell .org to private equity biz for $1.14bn came out of the blue. Wow, really?". The Register. Archived from the original on March 6, 2020. Retrieved March 17, 2020.
  18. ↑ "A Grant Will Help a Tribal-Owned and Managed ISP Better Bridge the Digital Divide". Gizmodo. 24 November 2020. Archived from the original on 2021-11-07. Retrieved 2021-11-07.
  19. ↑ Vint Cerf, Bob Kahn, Lyman Chapin (1992). "Announcing the Internet Society". Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ↑ Internet Engineering Steering Group; Internet Architecture Board (March 1994). "The Internet Standards Process – Revision 2". tools.ietf.org. Archived from the original on October 18, 2020. Retrieved Oct 4, 2020.
  21. ↑ "Internet Society and Digital Empowerment Foundation Launch Initiative To Bring the Next Billion Online". PR Newswire. 1 November 2010. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
  22. 1 2 Jackson, William (February 6, 2012). "Internet Society launches info hub for DNSSEC, IPv6". Cybereye. GCN. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
  23. ↑ "Indigenous Connectivity Summit 2017". Archived from the original on 15 December 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
  24. ↑ "Indigenous Connectivity Summit 2018". Archived from the original on 15 December 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
  25. ↑ "Indigenous Connectivity Summit 2019". Archived from the original on 15 December 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
  26. ↑ Leyden, John (5 April 2017). "Online Trust Alliance merges with Internet Society". The Register. Archived from the original on 15 December 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
  27. ↑ "Limited Liability Company Agreement of IETF Administration LLC" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 June 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  28. ↑ "IGF 2020". Archived from the original on October 28, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
  29. ↑ Vint Cerf (October 1998). "I remember IANA". RFC 2468. Archived from the original on October 20, 2020. Retrieved July 30, 2020.
  30. ↑ Higgins, Kelly Jackson (August 13, 2019). "Internet Routing Security Initiative Launches Online 'Observatory'". Dark Reading. Archived from the original on April 6, 2020. Retrieved March 17, 2020.
  31. ↑ Batambuze III, Ephraime (March 30, 2016). "The Internet Society brings African Peering and Interconnection Forum to Tanzania for first time". PC Tech Magazine. Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved March 17, 2020.
  32. ↑ "Forum to propose how to build the internet ecosystem in Ethiopia". Aptantech. February 29, 2020. Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved March 18, 2020.
  33. ↑ Scott, Mackenzie (October 12, 2018). "'Inuvik is a community the world can learn from': Rural internet hot topic at summit". CBC News. Archived from the original on April 7, 2022. Retrieved March 3, 2020.
  34. ↑ Valleau, Natalie (November 27, 2019). "Calgary grad student helps bring internet to remote Hawaiian community". CBC News. Archived from the original on January 7, 2020. Retrieved March 3, 2020.
  35. ↑ Deb, Sandipan (April 2, 2019). "The Internet @ 30: Big hope to big bother". Mint . Archived from the original on January 29, 2020. Retrieved March 17, 2020.
  36. ↑ Feldstein, Steven (June 13, 2019). "To end mass protests, Sudan has cut off Internet access nationwide. Here's why". The Washington Post . Archived from the original on November 8, 2019. Retrieved February 19, 2020.
  37. ↑ Molla, Rani (May 13, 2019). "People say they care about privacy but they continue to buy devices that can spy on them". Vox Media . Archived from the original on March 13, 2020. Retrieved February 19, 2020.
  38. ↑ Zurier, Steve (January 25, 2019). "Internet Society to Issue Privacy Code of Conduct". Dark Reading. Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved February 19, 2020.
  39. ↑ Gilbert, David (January 24, 2020). "3 Billionaire Republican Families Are About to Buy the Dot-Org Domain. That's Terrifying Nonprofits". Vice Media . Archived from the original on January 25, 2020. Retrieved February 19, 2020.
  40. ↑ Singh, Manish (January 9, 2020). "Over two dozen encryption experts call on India to rethink changes to its intermediary liability rules". TechCrunch . Archived from the original on February 10, 2020. Retrieved February 19, 2020.
  41. ↑ Andrew Sullivan (29 November 2019). "Advancing the Internet Society's Mission Into the Future". Archived from the original on 2019-12-16.
  42. ↑ Kieren McCarthy. "As pressure builds over .org sell-off, internet governance bodies fall back into familiar pattern: Silence". The Register. Archived from the original on 2019-11-28. Retrieved 2019-11-29.
  43. ↑ at 21:24, Thomas Claburn in San Francisco 31 Jan 2020. "ICANN't approve the sale of .org to private equity – because California's Attorney General has... concerns". www.theregister.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2020-02-11. Retrieved 2020-02-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  44. ↑ at 07:12, Kieren McCarthy in San Francisco 19 Feb 2020. "Now Internet Society told to halt controversial .org sale… by its own advisory council: 'You misread the community mindset around dot-org'". www.theregister.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2020-02-21. Retrieved 2020-02-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  45. ↑ "ICANN Board Withholds Consent for a Change of Control of the Public Interest Registry (PIR)". Archived from the original on 2020-05-01. Retrieved 2020-04-30.
  46. ↑ "ICANN rejects sale of .org to for-profit investor group" Archived 2020-05-02 at the Wayback Machine , Joseph Menn, Reuters, May 1, 2020.
  47. ↑ Hill, Richard (16 September 2016). "FW: [Internet Policy] Internet Society is denying Iranians for participation in Internet Governance Forum". Chapter-delegates (Mailing list).[ permanent dead link ]
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