Isaiah 9

Isaiah 9
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The Great Isaiah Scroll, the best preserved of the biblical scrolls found at Qumran from the second century BC, contains all the verses in this chapter.
Book	Book of Isaiah
Hebrew Bible part	Nevi'im
Order in the Hebrew part	5
Category	Latter Prophets
Christian Bible part	Old Testament
Order in the Christian part	23

Isaiah 9 is the ninth chapter of the Book of Isaiah in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. This book contains the prophecies attributed to the prophet Isaiah, and is one of the Nevi'im.

Text

The original text was written in Hebrew language. This chapter is divided into 21 verses in Christian Bibles, but 20 verses in the Hebrew Bible with the following verse numbering comparison: ^[1]

Verse numbering for Isaiah 8 and 9

English	Hebrew
9:1	8:23
9:2–21	9:1–20

This article generally follows the common numbering in Christian English Bible versions, with notes to the numbering in Hebrew Bible versions.

Textual witnesses

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008). ^[2]

Fragments containing parts of this chapter were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls (3rd century BC or later): ^[3]

• 1QIsa^a: complete
• 4QIsa^b (4Q56): extant: verses 10‑11
• 4QIsa^c (4Q57): extant: verses 3‑12
• 4QIsa^e (4Q59): extant: verses 17‑20

There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}$^B; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}$^S; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}$^A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}$^Q; 6th century). ^[4]

Parashot

The parashah sections listed here are based on the Aleppo Codex. ^[5] Isaiah 9 is a part of the Prophecies about Judah and Israel (Isaiah 1 -12). {P}: open parashah; {S}: closed parashah; using Hebrew Bible verse numbering:

[{S} 8:19-23] 9:1-6 {P} 9:7-12 {S} 9:13-20 {S}

The government of the promised son (9:1–7)

Verse 1

For is there no gloom to her that was stedfast? Now the former hath lightly afflicted the land of Zebulun and the land of Naphtali, but the latter hath dealt a more grievous blow by the way of the sea, beyond the Jordan, in the district of the nations.

—  Isaiah 8:23 Hebrew Bible

Christian interpretation

Nevertheless the dimness shall not be such as was in her vexation, when at the first he lightly afflicted the land of Zebulun and the land of Naphtali, and afterward did more grievously afflict her by the way of the sea, beyond Jordan, in Galilee of the nations.

—  Isaiah 9:1 KJV

The Gospel of Matthew chapter 4 (verses 14–15) cites this and the next verse as a fulfillment of Messianic Prophecies of Jesus. In the Greek "by way of the sea" (or "toward the sea") refers to a specific route, and Jones feels it should perhaps be more accurately read as "on the road to the sea." ^[6] In Isaiah this verse is in the section describing the Assyrian invasion of northern Israel, so "toward the sea, beyond the Jordan" refers to the geography from the view point of the Assyrian invaders. To them the region of Zebulun and Naphtali would be across the Jordan River on the way to the Mediterranean. ^[7]

Verse 2

The people that walked in darkness have seen a great light; they that dwelt in the land of the shadow of death, upon them hath the light shined.

—  Isaiah 9:1 Hebrew Bible

The people that walked in darkness have seen a great light: they that dwell in the land of the shadow of death, upon them hath the light shined.

—  Isaiah 9:2 KJV

Christian interpretation

Cross reference: Matthew 4:16

Verse 6

For a child is born unto us, a son is given unto us; and the government is upon his shoulder; and his name is called Pele-joez-el-gibbor-Abi-ad-sar-shalom

—  Isaiah 9:5–6 Hebrew Bible

Jewish interpretation

Edersheim (1883) notes that this verse is applied to the Messiah in the Aramaic Targum. ^[8] In rabbinical interpretation, such as Joseph Herman Hertz (1968) citing Rashi and Luzzatto, the name is taken as referring to the 'crown prince.' ^[9] Rashi, having applied Emmanuel to Hezekiah also applies the Pele Yoez, "Wonderful Counsellor" prophecy to Hezekiah, saying that God "called the name of Hezekiah "Prince of Peace"." ^[10] In the Greek Septuagint the name is translated, "Messenger of Great Counsel" as a description of the prince: "he shall be named Messenger of Great Counsel, for I will bring peace upon the rulers, peace and health to him." ^{[11] [12]}

Christian interpretation

For unto us a child is born, unto us a son is given: and the government shall be upon his shoulder: and his name shall be called Wonderful, Counsellor, The mighty God, The everlasting Father, The Prince of Peace.

—  Isaiah 9:6 KJV

• "Wonderful Counselor": Isaiah 5:19 ; Isaiah 25:1 . ^[13]
• "Mighty God": Isaiah 10:21 . ^[13]
• "Everlasting Father": The New Oxford Annotated Bible interprets it "God as the eternal creator" Isaiah 40:28 . ^[13]
• "Prince of Peace": According to the New Oxford Annotated Bible, it is "a messianic title in Judaism and early Christianity". ^[13]

In Christian interpretation, based partly on the proximity of a quote of Isaiah 9:2 found in Matthew 4, ^[14] the name is taken as referring to Jesus and Messianic prophecy. The full verse "For unto us a child is born, unto us a son is given: and the government shall be upon his shoulder: and his name shall be called Wonderful, Counselor, The mighty God, The everlasting Father, The Prince of Peace." is quoted in the libretto of Handel's Messiah.

Verse 7

That the government may be increased, and of peace there be no end, upon the throne of David, and upon his kingdom, to establish it, and to uphold it through justice and through righteousness from henceforth even for ever. The zeal of the LORD of hosts doth perform this.

—  Isaiah 9:6 Hebrew Bible

Of the increase of his government and peace there shall be no end, upon the throne of David, and upon his kingdom, to order it, and to establish it with judgment and with justice from henceforth even for ever. The zeal of the Lord of hosts will perform this.

—  Isaiah 9:7 KJV

The punishment of Samaria (9:8–21)

Verse 12

The Syrians before, and the Philistines behind;

and they shall devour Israel with open mouth.

For all this his anger is not turned away,

but his hand is stretched out still. ^[15]

The refrain "For all this ... still" first appeared in Isaiah 5:25 and appears again in 9:17, 9:21 and 10:4 . ^[16]

Verse 14

A man cutting bulrush/reed in the Netherlands with bundles of cut reed behind him (c. 1940)

Therefore the Lord will cut off from Israel head and tail,

branch and rush, in one day. ^[17]

• Cross reference: Isaiah 19:15

This verse uses a metaphor of 'a reed being cut down'. ^[18]

Verse 15

The elder and honorable, he is the head;

The prophet who teaches lies, he is the tail. ^[19]

• "Honorable": in Hebrew literally "the one lifted up with respect to the face" (cf. 2 Kings 5:1). ^[20]

Verse 16

For the leaders of this people cause them to err,

And those who are led by them are destroyed. ^[21]

• "And those who are led by them are destroyed": in Hebrew literally "and the ones being led were swallowed up.” ^[22]

Verse 17

Therefore the Lord will have no joy in their young men,

Nor have mercy on their fatherless and widows;

For everyone is a hypocrite and an evildoer,

And every mouth speaks folly.

For all this His anger is not turned away,

But His hand is stretched out still. ^[23]

• "Speaks folly": that is, "speaks foolishness" ^[24] or "speaks disgraceful things" ^[25]

Uses

Music

The King James Version of verses 2 and 6 from this chapter is cited as texts in the English-language oratorio "Messiah" by George Frideric Handel (HWV 56). ^[26]

See also

• Galilee
• Jewish messianism
• Messianic prophecies of Jesus
• Related Bible parts: Isaiah 7, Isaiah 8, Isaiah 19, Jeremiah 23, Matthew 4

Notes and references

1. Note [a] on Isaiah 9:1 in NET Bible
2. Würthwein 1995, pp. 35–37.
3. Ulrich 2010, p. 347-349.
4. Würthwein 1995, pp. 73–74.
5. As implemented in the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 edition of the Hebrew Bible in English.
6. Jones 1965.
7. Keener 1999, p. 147.
8. Alfred Edersheim The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah 1883 "and there is a very curious comment in Debarim R. 1 (ed. Warsh., p. 4a) in connection with a Haggadic discussion of Genesis 43:14, which, however fanciful, makes a Messianic application of this passage - also in Bemidbar R. 11." Philologos | The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah | Appendix 9
9. Joseph Herman Hertz The Pentateuch and Haftorahs 1968 "This clearly indicates that the 'crown prince' is the person referred to. pele-joez-el-gibbor-abi-ad-sar-shalom. i.e. Wonderful in counsel is God the mighty, the Everlasting Father, the Ruler of Peace (Rashi and Luzzatto)."
10. Géza Vermès Studia post-biblica 1959 p62; reprinted in Scripture and tradition in Judaism: Haggadic studies 1983 p62 "Rashi, for instance, follows it in his commentary : The Holy One, blessed be He, who is a Wonderful Counsellor, a Mighty God, and the Father of Eternity, called the name of Hezekiah "Prince of Peace". It would be incorrect to see an ..."
11. LXX Is.9:5 [i.e.9:6] ὅτι παιδίον ἐγεννήθη ἡμῖν υἱὸς καὶ ἐδόθη ἡμῖν οὗ ἡ ἀρχὴ ἐγενήθη ἐπὶ τοῦ ὤμου αὐτοῦ καὶ καλεῖται τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ μεγάλης βουλῆς ἄγγελος ἐγὼ γὰρ ἄξω εἰρήνην ἐπὶ τοὺς ἄρχοντας εἰρήνην καὶ ὑγίειαν αὐτῷ
12. translation Tessa Rajak Jewish perspectives on Hellenistic rulers 2007 p261 "Because a child was born for us, a son also given to us, whose sovereignty was upon his shoulder; and he shall be named Messenger of Great Counsel, for I will bring peace upon the rulers, peace and health to him." NB translation accords with that, or may be following Géza Vermes Scripture and tradition in Judaism: Haggadic studies. p62 1959, 1983
13. Coogan et al. 2007, p. 990-992.
14. France 2007, p. 142.
15. Isaiah 9:12 KJV or Isaiah 9:11 Hebrew Bible
16. Note [b] on Isaiah 9:12 in NET Bible
17. Isaiah 9:14 KJV or Isaiah 9:13 Hebrew Bible
18. Note on Isaiah 9:14 in NET Bible
19. Isaiah 9:15 NKJV or Isaiah 9:14 Hebrew Bible
20. Note on Isaiah 9:15 in NET Bible
21. Isaiah 9:16 NKJV or Isaiah 9:15 Hebrew Bible
22. Note on Isaiah 9:16 in NET Bible
23. Isaiah 9:17 NKJV or Isaiah 9:16 Hebrew Bible
24. Note on Isaiah 9:17 in NKJV
25. Note on Isaiah 9:17 in ESV
26. Block, Daniel I. (2001). "Handel's Messiah: Biblical and Theological Perspectives" (PDF). Didaskalia . 12 (2). Retrieved 19 July 2011.

Sources

• Coggins, R. (2007). "22. Isaiah". In Barton, John; Muddiman, John (eds.). The Oxford Bible Commentary (first (paperback) ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 433–486. ISBN   978-0199277186 . Retrieved February 6, 2019.
• Coogan, Michael David; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol Ann; Perkins, Pheme (2007). The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books: New Revised Standard Version. Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-528880-3.
• France, R.T. (2007). The Gospel of Matthew. Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN   978-0-8028-2501-8.
• Jones, Alexander (1965). The Gospel According to St. Matthew. London: Geoffrey Chapman.
• Keener, Craig S. (1999). A Commentary on the Gospel of Matthew. Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN   978-0-8028-3821-6.
• Motyer, J. Alec (2015). The Prophecy of Isaiah: An Introduction & Commentary. InterVarsity Press. ISBN   9780830895243.
• Ulrich, Eugene, ed. (2010). The Biblical Qumran Scrolls: Transcriptions and Textual Variants. Brill.
• Würthwein, Ernst (1995). The Text of the Old Testament. Translated by Rhodes, Erroll F. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN   0-8028-0788-7 . Retrieved January 26, 2019.

External links

Jewish

• Isaiah 9:Original Hebrew with Parallel English

Christian

• Isaiah 9 English Translation with Parallel Latin Vulgate