Biography
Early life
Mugambi was born on 6 February 1947 in Kiangoci. Both of his parents were committed Anglicans. His father was a lay leader,preacher,and evangelist. [1]
Education
After high school,Mugambi enrolled at Machakos Teacher Training College (MTTC),Kenya,in 1966–67. In 1968,he studied at Kenyatta College in Nairobi. At the college he specialized in teaching religious education and English. He also studied at Westhill College of Education,Birmingham,UK,as well as conducted historical research at the CMS Archives in London (1969–70). [1]
In 1971,Mugambi attended the University of Nairobi for undergraduate and postgraduate studies. [1]
In 1978,he embarked on his research for his PhD,focusing on Ludwig Wittgenstein's entitled "Problems of Meaning in Discourse with Reference to Religion." [2] While writing he was influenced by Kwasi Wiredu,who was then in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Ghana,Legon. [3] He participated in an ecumenical research project to document the practice of ecumenism at the local level in eastern Africa. The research was published in 1982 as Ecumenical Initiatives in Eastern Africa. [4]
Early career
After graduation from the University of Nairobi,Mugambi became active in the ecumenical movement. In 1970,he participated in the formation and launch of the Christian Student Council (the Kenyan SCM) and in the National Association of Religious Education Teachers (NARET). [5] He later served as Africa Theology Secretary for the World Student Christian Federation (1974–76). He has also held various posts in the World Council of Churches from 1975 until today.
Mugambi joined the academic staff of the University of Nairobi in 1976 and rose through the ranks to full professorship in 1993. He has taught philosophy of religion;Religion and Science;Comparative Study of Religions;Contemporary Religious Thought;Modern Trends in Christian Thought. He has also taught African Christian Theology. Later on,he began teaching Phenomenology of Religion in the postgraduate syllabus.
Academic and religious work
In 1990,he addressed the General Committee of the All Africa Conference of Churches on March 30 in Nairobi,reflecting on "The Future of the Church and the Church of the Future in Africa." [6] This event was a few weeks after Nelson Mandela had been released on 11 February 1990 and Namibia had attained national independence on 21 March of the same year. In his address,Mugambi suggested that African Christianity must shift theological gear from the paradigm of liberation,which emphasized the Exodus motif,to that of reconstruction,which emphasizes the post-Exilic motif. He later elaborated this insight in his book From Liberation to Reconstruction:African Christian Theology after the Cold War. [7]
Hermeneutics
Mugambi is Africa's Co-Editor of the Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity,to which he has contributed more than ten articles,mainly on hermeneutics. [8]
In 1998,Mugambi claimed that the time was overdue for African Christian theologians to engage in theological introspection,transcending ecclesiological description and theological anthropology. [9] He cited Bernard Lonergan as a possible role model in that approach [10] [11] at a meeting in Hammanskraal,near Pretoria. Mugambi delivered the keynote address "Foundations for an African Approach to Biblical Hermeneutics",which was published in 2001. [12] [13]
In 2004,Mugambi co-edited a book on New Testament Hermeneutics,to which he contributed a chapter. [14] The following year he addressed a conference at Makerere University,on "African Hermeneutics in a Global Context",published in 2007 as a chapter in Interpreting Classical Religious Texts in Contemporary Africa,edited by Knut Holter. [15] There is much hermeneutical discourse in Mugambi's book (co-authored with Michael R. Guy) titled Contextual Theology Across Cultures,published in 2009.
Mugambi is critical of Rudolf Bultmann's project of "demythologization",on the ground that hermeneutically,myth cannot be abstracted from the Gospel. Any attempt at 'demythologization' results in new myths. Instead of "demythologization",Mugambi urges for "re-mythologization." He says of Bultmann,"in (his) attempt to satisfy scientific positivism by denouncing myth (he) ends up destroying the reality of religion as a pillar of culture." [16] For Mugambi,as with Jaspers,"myth is indispensable in cultural constructions of reality." [16] To Mugambi,therefore,reconstruction in Africa has to be anchored in a) the formulation of new myths to replace the negative stereotypes used for the indoctrination of Africans under imperialism and missionary tutelage,and b) re-interpreting the old myths,for the survival of the African peoples. He suggests that the myth of "a vanishing people must be replaced by the myth of a resurgent and resilient people," while the myth of "desperate people must be replaced by the myth of a people full of hope. The myth of a hungry people must be replaced by the myth of a people capable of feeding themselves,and so on." [17]
Missiology
In 1989,Mugambi published "The Biblical Basis for Evangelization". [18] This was in the same year that he facilitated the editing and publication of a collection of essays on this theme –Christian Mission and Social Transformation. [19] In 1996 he published an article "African Churches in Social Transformation" in the Journal of International Affairs at Columbia University,New York. [20] This article was followed by "Vision of African Church in Mission",published in Missionalia,Journal of the Southern African Missiological Society.
In 1998 he published "Missiological Research in the Context of Globalization",in Swedish Missiological Themes,Uppsala; [21] "A Fresh Look at Evangelism in Africa" in International Review of Mission,Geneva; [22] and "Christian Mission and Social Transformation After the Cold War" in the Journal of Constructive Theology,Pietermaritzburg,South Africa. At the request of Bishop John V. Taylor in 2001,Mugambi wrote a critical Introduction published in the second edition of Taylor's book,The Primal Vision (SCM Press),also published in Nairobi as Christian Presence amid African Religion. [23]
Eco-theology
During a conference organized by the World Council of Churches Sub-Unit of Church and Society in July 1986 at Potsdam,East Germany,Mugambi presented a position paper titled "God,Humanity,and Nature in Ecumenical Discussion" cautioning against too sharp a distinction between these three notions in Christian doctrine. [24] In 1987 he published his book God,Humanity and Nature in Relation to Justice and Peace, [25] intended as a contribution to discussions within the World Council of Churches concerning the relationship between religion and culture on the one hand,and God and Nature on the other. This publication was an echo of a public forum that Mugambi had organized as an undergraduate at the University of Nairobi in 1972,with Professor Stephen Neill as Patron,on the theme "Creation or Evolution:God or Darwin". The theme of ecology became one of his research interests,and in 2001 he facilitated the editing and publication of Christian Theology and Environmental Responsibility. [26] Mugambi's contribution in that book was a chapter highly critical of Carbon Dioxide emissions trading,which was being pushed for adoption within the Kyoto Protocol under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). [27]
In 1997 he published his reflections on "Some Lessons from a Century of Ecumenism in Africa." [28] In 2004 he co-authored with Gaim Kebreab a reference book titled Fresh Water to Eradicate Poverty,released in Oslo by Norwegian Church Aid. [29] The Twelfth UNFCCC Conference of Parties was convened in Nairobi,Kenya,in December 2006. Mugambi served as honorary Moderator of the Ecumenical Team as a member of the WCC Delegation,where he read the WCC Statement at COP 12 in Nairobi. [30]
In 2008 Mugambi participated in an ecumenical Consultation to discuss the theme "Peace on Earth and Peace with the Earth". He presented a paper titled "The Environmental Crisis from an African Perspective." [31] He also published an article titled "The Environmental Crisis from a Christian Perspective." [32]
Mugambi is a trustee of the Kenya Rainwater Association [33] and the Utooni Development organization. [34] He is also a member of the Ecumenical Water Network [35] and the World Council of Churches Working Group on Climate Change. [36] [37]
Inter-religious dialogue
Mugambi suggests that inter-religious dialogue has broader implications than arguments about beliefs and practices within and between religions. Believers of particular religions,denominations,and sects are at the same time citizens of particular nations. Thus religious identity and secular identity are a practical necessity,irrespective of idealistic and utopian expectations. In his view,inter-religious dialogue can be one of the means to promote mutual understanding within and between religions,cultures,and nations,provided that such dialogue presupposes mutual respect and mutual reciprocity as should be. [38]
Liberation theology
Mugambi started schooling as an Internally Displaced Person (IDP). The experience was traumatic,as described by Caroline Elkins,David Anderson,and others. [39] His articulation of Liberation Theology in later years was anchored in his personal experience of "imperial domination and colonial oppression". In 1989 he published a book containing his theological reflections African Christian Theology:An Introduction. [40]
In his 1974 essay on liberation and salvation,Mugambi clarified that within the African context of the 1960s and 1970s national liberation was the main preoccupation for all responsible leaders.
That the fundamental concern of African Christian theology has been liberation-salvation has been manifested in the activities of many African Christians and the growth of more than six thousand "Independent" churches in the continent of Africa. Most African Christians have not felt it necessary to theorize about Christian Theology,as religious faith is practical living for them,expressed most effectively through experience,not through words. The time has come when it is necessary to analyze the premises of the African Christian experience and study it in relation to that of people in other parts of the world. This systematic analysis and study,however,will be realistic and relevant to African Christian theology if Africans themselves will be the analysts and students of their own experience... What is important to point out in this context is that while liberation both as a concept and as a historical struggle in Africa today takes on different emphasis in different parts of Africa,it must be the overarching goal –the historical project—out of which and for which an African Christian theology must emerge. [41]
Reconstruction theology
In Mugambi's scholarly work liberation precedes reconstruction in African Christian Theological reflection. [42]
Mugambi resonates with Karl Jaspers' positive appraisal of myth in the conceptualization of world-views. [43] Thus Mugambi proposes that "a society which is incapable of making its own myths and re-interpreting its old ones,becomes extinct." [16] In view of this insight,he defines the vision of the theology of reconstruction,in Africa,as a project of "...re-mythologization,in which the theologian thus engaged,discerns new symbols and new metaphors in which to recast the central Message of the Gospel." [44]
Mugambi joins other scholars in African Christian theology,endeavoring to relate Christianity with the African cultural and religious heritage with an appreciation of both the Gospel and the wisdom bequeathed from generation to generation through oral tradition,cherished customs,rituals,and symbols. Mugambi's idea for a Pan-African identity has support within some diplomatic circles. Even though he does not treat Africa as a single geo-cultural context of theology,he nevertheless creates in his readers an impression that African concerns are broadly the same. [45] He is particularly appealing because he strictly and consistently avoids any attempt at parochial,national,and regional introversion,opting for an approach that keeps in full view the entire continent of Africa with all its homogeneity and heterogeneity. [46]
In his books,Mugambi avoids such particularistic titles as "South African Christianity," "Kenyan Christianity","Africa North (or South) of Limpopo","East African Christianity",etc. Rather,he is concerned with the whole continent of Africans –both in the African continent and in the Diaspora. While Mugambi acknowledges that theological articulation is strictly contextual and situational,all his works take "Africa" as the "Context" rather than individual countries which exist today most of which were created without regard for culture and people groups during the scramble for Africa
Mugambi's book From Liberation to Reconstruction assesses events that affected Africa as a whole. These events include the end of the Cold War (1989). Other events include the release of Nelson Mandela on 11 February 1990. For Mugambi,Mandela is not only the longest-serving political prisoner;he is also the most prominent symbol of the Exodus metaphor in African Christian Theology. [47]
From a theology of liberation to a theology of reconstruction
In his post-Cold-War theological discourses,which can also be regarded as his post- liberation works,Mugambi suggests that the Africa of the 21st century will have to preoccupy itself with the agenda of the reconstruction as the new priority for Africa. The text of Ezra-Nehemiah,unlike that of Exodus,would be the main text in African theological discourses in the 21st century. Mugambi believes this text will motivate the people of Africa to "rebuild their continent" and that the churches and their theologians will need to respond to this new priority in relevant fashion,to facilitate this process of reconstruction. He believes this process will require considerable effort in reconciliation and confidence-building. It will also require re-orientation and retraining. [48]
While acknowledging that Mugambi has "correctly observed that an epiphany of a new scenario has emerged,ushered in by the demise of three horrendous systems of oppression;namely institutionalized racism,brutal colonialism and the cold war tutelage," Ukachukwu Chris Manus [49] considers Mugambi as having failed to recognize the central figure in the New Testament,Jesus of Nazareth as the Master Reconstructor of both the spiritual and the social well-being of the bnaiya Israel,the simple folk of his day in first century Palestine." [50]
Manus goes on to argue that the term "reconstruction" makes a deep impression on him as a "meta-language" that challenges African religiosity to discern and promote new insights that can inspire a new movement that would help to galvanize Africans in the continent like those in the Diaspora to struggle and regain their integrity. [51] For Manus,therefore,the goal of reconstruction ought to be pursued in order to re-capture Africa's self-esteem,dignity,and integrity,"in the context of new Information and Communication Technology." [52]
Others have offered perspectives on Mugambi's views on liberation and reconstruction. In attempting a definition,Hannah Wangeci Kinoti explained that the idea of reconstruction assumes that there is a framework that was previously there. She went on to say that "a cluster of words associated with the verb reconstruct should quicken our vision of asking the Church in Africa to rise up and do more,purposefully and decisively." [53] She suggested that the concept of reconstruction implies a process of "review and then move" - to create something more suitable to the prevailing environment. [54] Other terms can be invoked:rebuild,reassemble,re-establish,recreate,reform,renovate,regenerate,remake,remodel,restore,or re-organize. [54]
