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Biphobia is aversion toward bisexuality and bisexual people as individuals. It is a form of homophobia against those in the bisexual community. It can take the form of denial that bisexuality is a genuine sexual orientation,or of negative stereotypes about people who are bisexual. Other forms of biphobia include bisexual erasure.
The field of psychology has extensively studied homosexuality as a human sexual orientation. The American Psychiatric Association listed homosexuality in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) in 1952,but that classification came under scrutiny in research funded by the National Institute of Mental Health. That research and subsequent studies consistently failed to produce any empirical or scientific basis for regarding homosexuality as anything other than a natural and normal sexual orientation that is a healthy and positive expression of human sexuality. As a result of this scientific research,the American Psychiatric Association declassified homosexuality as a mental disorder in 1973. Upon a thorough review of the scientific data,the American Psychological Association followed in 1975 and also called on all mental health professionals to take the lead in "removing the stigma of mental illness that has long been associated" with homosexuality. In 1993,the National Association of Social Workers adopted the same position as the American Psychiatric Association and the American Psychological Association,in recognition of scientific evidence. The World Health Organization,which listed homosexuality in the ICD-9 in 1977,removed homosexuality from the ICD-10 which was endorsed by the 43rd World Health Assembly on 17 May 1990.
Michael Lawrence Hendricks is an American psychologist,suicidologist,and an advocate for the LGBT community. He has worked in private practice as a partner at the Washington Psychological Center,P.C. in northwest Washington,D.C.,since 1999. Hendricks is an adjunct professor of clinical psychopharmacology and has taught at Argosy University,Howard University,and Catholic University of America. He is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association (APA).
A sexual minority is a group whose sexual identity,orientation or practices differ from the majority of the surrounding society. Primarily used to refer to lesbian,gay,bisexual,or non-heterosexual individuals,it can also refer to transgender,non-binary or intersex individuals.
Gender is correlated with the prevalence of certain mental disorders,including depression,anxiety and somatic complaints. For example,women are more likely to be diagnosed with major depression,while men are more likely to be diagnosed with substance abuse and antisocial personality disorder. There are no marked gender differences in the diagnosis rates of disorders like schizophrenia,borderline personality disorder,and bipolar disorder. Men are at risk to suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) due to past violent experiences such as accidents,wars and witnessing death,and women are diagnosed with PTSD at higher rates due to experiences with sexual assault,rape and child sexual abuse. Nonbinary or genderqueer identification describes people who do not identify as either male or female. People who identify as nonbinary or gender queer show increased risk for depression,anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder. People who identify as transgender demonstrate increased risk for depression,anxiety,and post-traumatic stress disorder.
Ego-dystonic sexual orientation is a highly controversial mental health diagnosis that was included in the American Psychiatric Association's (APA) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) from 1980 to 1987 and in the World Health Organization's (WHO) International Classification of Diseases (ICD) from 1990 to 2019. Individuals could be diagnosed with ego-dystonic sexual orientation if their sexual orientation or attractions were at odds with their idealized self-image,causing anxiety and a desire to change their orientation or become more comfortable with it. It describes not innate sexual orientation itself,but a conflict between the sexual orientation a person wished to have and their actual sexual orientation.
The questioning of one's sexual orientation,sexual identity,gender,or all three is a process of exploration by people who may be unsure,still exploring,or concerned about applying a social label to themselves for various reasons. The letter "Q" is sometimes added to the end of the acronym LGBT;the "Q" can refer to either queer or questioning.
Gregory M. Herek is a researcher,author,and professor of psychology at the University of California at Davis (UCD). He has conducted extensive research on prejudice against sexual minorities,and coined the term sexual prejudice as a replacement for homophobia to describe this phenomenon. Herek argued that using the term homophobia incorrectly assumes that negative responses to lesbian,gay,and bisexual people are founded in pathological,irrational fear,whereas psychological research indicates they are more accurately regarded as a form of prejudice. Herek is an openly and prominent gay psychologist. Herek is considered one of the most influential scholars of sexual minorities.
As defined by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs,military sexual trauma (MST) are experiences of sexual assault,or repeated threatening sexual harassment that occurred while a person was in the United States Armed Forces.
Gay affirmative psychotherapy is a form of psychotherapy for non-heterosexual people,specifically gay and lesbian clients,which focuses on client comfort in working towards authenticity and self-acceptance regarding sexual orientation,and does not attempt to "change" them to heterosexual,or to "eliminate or diminish" same-sex "desires and behaviors". The American Psychological Association (APA) offers guidelines and materials for gay affirmative psychotherapy. Affirmative psychotherapy affirms that homosexuality or bisexuality is not a mental disorder,in accordance with global scientific consensus. In fact,embracing and affirming gay identity can be a key component to recovery from other mental illnesses or substance abuse. Clients whose religious beliefs are interpreted as teaching against homosexual behavior may require some other method of integration of their possibly conflicting religious and sexual selves.
Closeted and in the closet are metaphors for lesbian,gay,bisexual and transgender and other (LGBTQ+) people who have not disclosed their sexual orientation or gender identity and aspects thereof,including sexual identity and sexual behavior. This metaphor is associated and sometimes combined with coming out,the act of revealing one's gender or sexuality to others,to create the phrase "coming out of the closet".
Various topics in medicine relate to lesbian,gay,bisexual,and transgender people. According to the US Gay and Lesbian Medical Association (GLMA),besides HIV/AIDS,issues related to LGBT health include breast and cervical cancer,hepatitis,mental health,substance use disorders,alcohol use,tobacco use,depression,access to care for transgender persons,issues surrounding marriage and family recognition,conversion therapy,refusal clause legislation,and laws that are intended to "immunize health care professionals from liability for discriminating against persons of whom they disapprove."
Research has found that attempted suicide rates and suicidal ideation among lesbian,gay,bisexual,transgender (LGBT) youth are significantly higher than among the general population.
Minority stress describes high levels of stress faced by members of stigmatized minority groups. It may be caused by a number of factors,including poor social support and low socioeconomic status;well understood causes of minority stress are interpersonal prejudice and discrimination. Indeed,numerous scientific studies have shown that when minority individuals experience a high degree of prejudice,this can cause stress responses that accrue over time,eventually leading to poor mental and physical health. Minority stress theory summarizes these scientific studies to explain how difficult social situations lead to chronic stress and poor health among minority individuals.
Self-concealment is a psychological construct defined as "a predisposition to actively conceal from others personal information that one perceives as distressing or negative". Its opposite is self-disclosure.
Ilan H. Meyer is an American psychiatric epidemiologist,author,professor,and a senior scholar for public policy and sexual orientation law at the Williams Institute of UCLA. He has conducted extensive research on minority identities related to sexual orientation,gender,race and ethnicity,drawing conclusions on the impact of social stresses on their mental health. Meyer was an expert witness for the plaintiffs in Perry v. Schwarzenegger (2010),the federal case that overturned California Proposition 8.
LGBT psychology is a field of psychology of surrounding the lives of LGBTQ individuals,in the particular the diverse range of psychological perspectives and experiences of these individuals. It covers different aspects such as identity development including the coming out process,parenting and family practices and support for LGBTQ individuals,as well as issues of prejudice and discrimination involving the LGBTQ community.
Jeffrey T. Parsons is an American psychologist,researcher,and educator;he was a Distinguished Professor of Psychology at Hunter College and The Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY) and was the Director of Hunter College’s Center for HIV/AIDS Educational Studies &Training,which he founded in 1996. Parsons was trained as a developmental psychologist and applied this training to understand health,with a particular emphasis on HIV prevention and treatment. He was known for his research on HIV risk behaviors of gay,bisexual,and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM),HIV-related syndemics,and sexual compulsivity. He resigned his positions at CUNY on July 3,2019,following a year-long university investigation of misconduct allegations against him.
Lisa Bowleg is an applied social psychologist known for conducting research on intersectionality in social and behavioral science and the relationship between social-contextual factors and stress,resilience,and HIV risk in Black communities.
LGBT trauma is the distress an individual experiences due to being a lesbian,gay,bisexual,trans,queer person or from possessing another minoritized sexual or gender identity. This distress can be harmful to the individual and predispose them to trauma- and stressor-related disorders.
References
- ↑ "John Pachankis appointed the Bliss Associate Professor of Public Health". news.yale.edu. November 12, 2019. Retrieved October 27, 2020.
- ↑ Poitras, Colin (April 10, 2019). "Yale Alumnus Pledges $5 Million for Yale School of Public Health Fund and Professorship to Advance LGBTQ Mental Health". medicine.yale.edu. Retrieved October 27, 2020.
- ↑ "Yale LGBTQ Mental Health Initiative". October 7, 2021. Retrieved October 7, 2021.
- ↑ Pachankis, John E.; Bränström, Richard (13 June 2019). "How many sexual minorities are hidden? Projecting the size of the global closet with implications for policy and public health". PLOS ONE. 14 (6): e0218084. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1418084P. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218084 . PMC 6564426 . PMID 31194801.
- ↑ Chandler, Adam (May 6, 2013). "The Best Little Boy in the World — That's Me". The New York Times. Retrieved November 13, 2020.
- ↑ Pachankis, John E.; Hatzenbuehler, Mark L. (2013). "The social development of contingent self-worth in sexual minority young men: An empirical investigation of the "Best Little Boy in the World" hypothesis". Basic and Applied Social Psychology. 35 (2): 176–190. doi:10.1080/01973533.2013.764304. S2CID 143473660.
- ↑ Pachankis, John E.; Cochran, Susan; Mays, Vicky (2015). "The mental health of sexual minority adults in and out of the closet: A population-based study". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 83 (5): 890–901. doi:10.1037/ccp0000047. PMC 4573266 . PMID 26280492.
- ↑ van der Star, Arjan; Pachankis, John; Bränström, Richard (2019). "Sexual orientation openness and depression symptoms: A population-based study". Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity. 6 (3): 369–381. doi:10.1037/sgd0000335. S2CID 150416329.
- ↑ Pachankis, John E.; Mahon, Conor; Jackson, Skyler (2020). "Sexual orientation concealment and mental health: A conceptual and meta-analytic review". Psychological Bulletin. 146 (10): 831–871. doi:10.1037/bul0000271. PMC 8011357 . PMID 32700941.
- ↑ Pachankis, John (2015). "LGB-affirmative cognitive-behavioral therapy for young adult gay and bisexual men: A randomized controlled trial of a transdiagnostic minority stress approach". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 83 (5): 875–89. doi:10.1037/ccp0000037. PMC 4573250 . PMID 26147563.
- ↑ Pachankis, John (2020). "A transdiagnostic minority stress intervention for gender diverse sexual minority women's depression, anxiety, and unhealthy alcohol use: A randomized controlled trial". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 88 (7): 613–630. doi:10.1037/ccp0000508. PMC 7597069 . PMID 32437174.
- ↑ Pan, Si (2021). "A pilot cultural adaptation of LGB-affirmative CBT for young Chinese sexual minority men's mental and sexual health". Psychotherapy. 58 (1): 12–24. doi:10.1037/pst0000318. PMC 7736310 . PMID 32538644.
- ↑ "Yale Professor Awarded for Contributions Toward LGBT Health". aspph.org. August 9, 2017. Retrieved October 27, 2020.
- ↑ "APA Public Interest Award Goes to Yale Associate Professor". aspph.org. December 20, 2017. Retrieved October 27, 2020.
- ↑ Pachankis, John; Clark, Kirsty; Burton, Charles (2020). "Sex, status, competition, and exclusion: Intraminority stress from within the gay community and gay and bisexual men's mental health". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 119 (3): 713–740. doi:10.1037/pspp0000282. PMC 7354883 . PMID 31928026.
- ↑ Burton, Charles; Clark, Kirsty; Pachankis, John (2020). "Risk from within: Intraminority gay community stress and sexual risk-taking among sexual minority men". Annals of Behavioral Medicine. 54 (9): 703–712. doi:10.1093/abm/kaaa014. PMC 7459184 . PMID 32206770.
- ↑ Ferrannini, John (October 7, 2021). "Queer dating app users want less toxicity". Bay Area Reporter. Retrieved November 13, 2020.
- ↑ Ryan, Benjamin (February 29, 2020). "Pressure to keep up: status imbalance a major factor in stress in gay men". The Guardian. Retrieved November 13, 2020.
- ↑ Kumar, Naveen (October 7, 2021). "The Gay Community's Obsession With Status and Looks Has Huge Mental Health Costs". Them. Retrieved October 7, 2021.