Title IX is the most commonly used name for the landmark federal civil rights law in the United States that was enacted as part of the Education Amendments of 1972. It prohibits sex-based discrimination in any school or any other education program that receives funding from the federal government. This is Public Law No. 92‑318,86 Stat. 235,codified at 20 U.S.C. §§1681–1688.
New antisemitism is the concept that a new form of antisemitism developed in the late 20th and early 21st centuries,typically manifesting itself as anti-Zionism. The concept is included in some definitions of antisemitism,such as the working definition of antisemitism and the 3D test of antisemitism. The concept dates to the early 1970s.
Hillel:The Foundation for Jewish Campus Life,also known as Hillel International,is the largest Jewish campus organization in the world,working with thousands of college students globally. Hillel is represented at more than 850 colleges and communities throughout North America and globally,including 30 communities in the former Soviet Union,nine in Israel,and five in South America.
The Office for Civil Rights (OCR) is a sub-agency of the U.S. Department of Education that is primarily focused on enforcing civil rights laws prohibiting schools from engaging in discrimination on the basis of race,color,national origin,sex,disability,age,or membership in patriotic youth organizations.
StandWithUs (SWU) is a nonprofit pro-Israel education and advocacy organization founded in Los Angeles in 2001 by Roz Rothstein,Jerry Rothstein,and Esther Renzer.
Antisemitism at universities has been reported and supported since the medieval period and,more recently,resisted and studied. Antisemitism has been manifested in various policies and practices,such as restricting the admission of Jewish students by a Jewish quota,or ostracism,intimidation,or violence against Jewish students,as well as in the hiring,retention and treatment of Jewish faculty and staff. In some instances,universities have been accused of condoning the development of antisemitic cultures on campus.
Antisemitism has long existed in the United States. Most Jewish community relations agencies in the United States draw distinctions between antisemitism,which is measured in terms of attitudes and behaviors,and the security and status of American Jews,which are both measured by the occurrence of specific incidents.
The Muslim Student Union of the University of California,Irvine is a student organization at the University of California,Irvine (UCI) in Irvine,United States,and an affiliated chapter of the national Muslim Students' Association. Its self-declared mission is to create an open environment,to promote social awareness,to strengthen Islamic foundations,and to cater to the Muslim student community at UCI.
The "three Ds" or the "3D test" of antisemitism is a set of criteria formulated by Israeli human rights advocate and politician Natan Sharansky in order to distinguish legitimate criticism of Israel from antisemitism. The three Ds stand for delegitimization,demonization,and double standards,each of which,according to the test,indicates antisemitism.
The Louis D. Brandeis Center for Human Rights Under Law (LDB) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization founded by Kenneth L. Marcus in 2012 with the stated purpose of advancing the civil and human rights of the Jewish people and promoting justice for all peoples. LDB is active on American campuses,where it says it combats antisemitism and anti-Zionism.
The AMCHA Initiative is a pro-Israel American campus group that seeks to undermine BDS activities on campuses. AMCHA was founded in 2012 by University of California Santa Cruz lecturer Tammi Rossman-Benjamin and University of California Los Angeles Professor Emeritus Leila Beckwith. The term Amcha is Hebrew for "your people" or "your nation."
Students for Justice in Palestine is a pro-Palestinian college student activism organization in the United States,Canada and New Zealand. It has campaigned for boycott and divestment against corporations that deal with Israel and organized events about Israel's human rights violations. In 2011,The New York Times reported that "S.J.P.,founded in 2001 at the University of California,Berkeley,has become the leading pro-Palestinian voice on campus."
Title IX of the United States Education Amendments of 1972 prohibits discrimination "on the basis of sex" in educational programs and activities that receive financial assistance from the federal government. The Obama administration interpreted Title IX to cover discrimination on the basis of assigned sex,gender identity,and transgender status. The Trump administration determined that the question of access to sex-segregated facilities should be left to the states and local school districts to decide. The validity of the executive's position is being tested in the federal courts.
The working definition of antisemitism,also called the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance definition of antisemitism or IHRA definition,is a non-legally binding statement on what antisemitism is,that reads:"Antisemitism is a certain perception of Jews,which may be expressed as hatred toward Jews. Rhetorical and physical manifestations of antisemitism are directed toward Jewish or non-Jewish individuals and/or their property,toward Jewish community institutions and religious facilities." Accompanying the working definition,but of disputed status,are 11 illustrative examples whose purpose is described as guiding the IHRA in its work,seven of which relate to criticism of the Israeli government. As such,pro-Israeli organizations have been advocates for the worldwide legal adoption of the definition.
The Executive Order on Combating Anti-Semitism,officially Executive Order 13899,is an executive order which was announced on December 10,2019 and signed the next day by U.S. President Donald Trump. The said purpose of the order was to prevent antisemitism by making it easier to use laws which prohibit institutional discrimination against people based on race,color or national origin to punish discrimination against Jewish people,including opposition to Israel uniquely as a Jewish nationstate without opposition to other nation-states. The definition of anti-Semitism which is used in the executive order was written by the Holocaust Remembrance Alliance,which defines anti-Semitism as,“...a certain perception of Jews,which may be expressed as hatred toward Jews. Rhetorical and physical manifestations of anti-Semitism are directed toward Jewish or non-Jewish individuals and/or their property,toward Jewish community institutions and religious facilities.”
With regard to the Arab–Israeli conflict,many supporters of the State of Israel have often advocated or implemented anti-BDS laws,which effectively seek to retaliate against people and organizations engaged in boycotts of Israel-affiliated entities. Most organized boycotts of Israel have been led by Palestinians and other Arabs with support from much of the Muslim world. Since the Second Intifada in particular,these efforts have primarily been coordinated at an international level by the Palestinian-led BDS movement,which seeks to mount as much economic pressure on Israel as possible until the Israeli government allows an independent Palestinian state to be established. Anti-BDS laws are designed to make it difficult for anti-Israel people and organizations to participate in boycotts;anti-BDS legal resolutions are symbolic and non-binding parliamentary condemnations,either of boycotts of Israel or of the BDS movement itself. Generally,such condemnations accuse BDS of closeted antisemitism,charging it with pushing a double standard and lobbying for the de-legitimization of Israeli sovereignty,and are often followed by laws targeting boycotts of Israel.
Anti-Palestinianism or anti-Palestinian sentiment,also called anti-Palestinian racism,refers to prejudice,collective hatred,and discrimination directed at the Palestinian people for any variety of reasons. Since the mid-20th century,the phenomenon has largely overlapped with anti-Arab racism and Islamophobia due to the fact that the overwhelming majority of Palestinians today are Arabs and Muslims. Historically,however,anti-Palestinianism was more closely identified with European antisemitism,as far-right Europeans detested the Jewish people as undesirable foreigners from Palestine. Modern anti-Palestinianism—that is,xenophobia with regard to the Arab people of Palestine—is most common in Israel,the United States,and Lebanon,among other countries.
Jewish on Campus is a student-led Jewish nonprofit organization dedicated towards addressing discrimination against Jewish college students.
On May 25,2023,the administration of US President Joe Biden unveiled The U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism. President Biden called his administration's plan the “most ambitious and comprehensive U.S. government-led effort to fight antisemitism in American history.”
Adela Cojab Moadeb is a Mexican-born American activist,author,podcaster,and law student. She is known for advocating against antisemitism and for Zionist causes. Most notably,she is known for her formal complaint against New York University under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 for allowing antisemitic activities on campus.
