Lamium

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Lamium
Lamium purpureum - verev iminoges Keilas.jpg
Lamium amplexicaule
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Lamiaceae
Subfamily: Lamioideae
Genus: Lamium
L. [1]
Type species
Lamium purpureum
L.
Synonyms [2]
  • OrvalaL.
  • LamiastrumHeist. ex Fabr.
  • GaleobdolonAdans.
  • PollichiaSchrank.
  • PsilopsisNeck.
  • WiedemanniaFisch. & C.A.Mey.
  • LamiopsisOpiz
  • LamiellaFourr.

Lamium (dead-nettles) is a genus of about 30 species of flowering plants in the family Lamiaceae, [3] of which it is the type genus. They are all herbaceous plants native to Europe, Asia, and northern Africa, but several have become very successful weeds of crop fields and are now widely naturalised across much of the temperate world. [2] [4] [5]

Contents

Description

The genus includes both annual and perennial species; they spread by both seeds and stems rooting as they grow along the ground. They have square stems [6] and coarsely textured pairs of leaves, often with striking patterns or variegation. They produce double-lipped flowers in a wide range of colours. [7]

Taxonomy

As of May 2024, Plants of the World Online accepted the following species: [2]

Several closely related genera were formerly included in Lamium by some botanists, including Galeopsis (hemp-nettles) and Leonurus (motherworts).[ citation needed ]

Etymology

The generic name Lamium was used by Pliny the Elder in the first century AD. [8] [9] The name comes from the Greek laimos, which means "gullet", a reference to the gaping throat-like appearance of the corolla. [10]

The common name "dead-nettle" has been derived from the German Taubnessel ("deaf nettle", or "nettle without a kernel"), [11] and refers to the resemblance of Lamium album [12] to the very distantly related stinging nettles, but unlike those, they do not have stinging hairs and so are harmless or apparently "dead".

Cultivation

Lamium species are widely cultivated as groundcover, and numerous cultivars have been selected for garden use. [7] They are frost hardy and grow well in most soils. Flower colour determines planting season and light requirement: white- and purple-coloured flowered species are planted in spring and prefer full sun. The yellow-flowered ones are planted in fall (autumn) and prefer shade. They often have invasive habits and need plenty of room.

Ecology

Scanograph of Lamium moschatum Scanograph of Lamium moschatum.jpg
Scanograph of Lamium moschatum

Lamium species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including angle shades, setaceous Hebrew character and the Coleophora case-bearers C. ballotella, C. lineolea and C. ochripennella.

Related Research Articles

<i>Marrubium</i> Genus of flowering plants

Marrubium is a genus of flowering plants in the family Lamiaceae, native to temperate regions of Europe, North Africa, and Asia as far east as the Xinjiang region of western China. A few species are also naturalized in North and South America.

<i>Urtica</i> Genus of flowering plants

Urtica is a genus of flowering plants in the family Urticaceae. Many species have stinging hairs and may be called nettles or stinging nettles. The generic name Urtica derives from the Latin for 'sting'.

<i>Lamium purpureum</i> Species of flowering plant

Lamium purpureum, known as red dead-nettle, purple dead-nettle, or purple archangel, is an annual herbaceous flowering plant native to Europe and Asia but it can also be found in North America as well.

<i>Ajuga</i> Genus of flowering plants

Ajuga, also known as bugleweed, ground pine, carpet bugle, or just bugle, is a genus of flowering plants in the Ajugeae tribe of the mint family Lamiaceae. There are over 60 species of annual or perennial, mostly herbaceous plants. They are native to Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia.

<i>Onopordum</i> Genus of flowering plants

Onopordum, or cottonthistle, is a genus of plants in the tribe Cardueae within the family Asteraceae. They are native to southern Europe, northern Africa, the Canary Islands, the Caucasus, and southwest and central Asia. They grow on disturbed land, roadsides, arable land and pastures.

<i>Gagea</i> Genus of flowering plants in the lily family Liliaceae

Gagea is a large genus of spring flowers in the lily family. It is found primarily in Eurasia with a few species extending into North Africa and one species in North America.

<i>Origanum</i> Genus of flowering plants

Origanum is a genus of herbaceous perennials and subshrubs in the family Lamiaceae, native to Europe, North Africa, and much of temperate Asia, where they are found in open or mountainous habitats. A few species also naturalized in scattered locations in North America and other regions.

<i>Xeranthemum</i> Genus of flowering plants

Xeranthemum is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae, native to Southern Europe.

<i>Lamium galeobdolon</i> Species of flowering plant

Lamium galeobdolon (gah-lay-OB-dough-lon), the yellow archangel, is a species of flowering plant in the mint family Lamiaceae. It is native to Europe and western Asia but it is widely introduced in North America and elsewhere. It is the only species in the genus Lamium with yellow flowers. Another common name for this species is golden dead-nettle. In New Zealand, it is called the aluminium plant or artillery plant. The common names archangel and dead-nettle have been in use for hundreds of years, dating back to at least the 16th century.

<i>Ballota</i> Genus of flowering plants in the sage family Lamiaceae

Ballota (horehound) is a genus of flowering evergreen perennial plants and subshrubs in the family Lamiaceae. native to temperate regions. The Mediterranean region has the highest diversity in the genus, with more isolated locations in South Africa, Central Asia, northern Europe, and the islands of the eastern North Atlantic. It is found in rocky and waste ground.

<i>Lamium amplexicaule</i> Species of flowering plant

Lamium amplexicaule, commonly known as common henbit, or greater henbit, is a species of Lamium native to Europe, Asia and northern Africa.

<i>Lamium album</i> Species of flowering plant

Lamium album, commonly called white nettle or white dead-nettle, is a flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae. It is native throughout Europe and Asia, growing in a variety of habitats from open grassland to woodland, generally on moist, fertile soils.

Henbit may refer to:

<i>Leonurus</i> Genus of plants in the family Lamiaceae

Leonurus (motherwort) is a genus of flowering plants in the family Lamiaceae. It is native to Europe and Asia, naturalized in New Zealand, Hawaii, New Caledonia, and much of North and South America.

<i>Tripleurospermum</i> Genus of flowering plants

Tripleurospermum is a genus in the chamomile tribe within the sunflower family. Mayweed is a common name for plants in this genus.

<i>Lamium maculatum</i> Species of plant

Lamium maculatum is a species of flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae, native throughout Europe and temperate Asia.

<i>Eremurus</i> Genus of flowering plants

Eremurus is a genus of deciduous perennial flowers in the family Asphodelaceae. They are also known as the foxtail lilies or desert candles. They are native to eastern Europe in, and temperate Asia from Turkey to China, with many species in Central Asia.

<i>Galeopsis</i> Genus of plants

Galeopsis is a genus of annual herbaceous plants native to Europe and Asia. Members of this genus often have common names ending in hemp-nettle or hempnettle. Some species are naturalized in North America and New Zealand.

<i>Thinopyrum</i> Genus of grasses

Thinopyrum is a genus of Eurasian and African plants in the grass family.

References

  1. Carl Linnaeus (1753) Species Plantarum, p. 579.
  2. 1 2 3 "Lamium". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 2 May 2024.
  3. "Lamium L."
  4. Altervista Flora Italiana, Genere Lamium includes photos and distribution maps for Europe and North America
  5. Flora of China Vol. 17 Page 157 野芝麻属 ye zhi ma shu Lamium Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 579. 1753.
  6. Parnell, J. and Curtis, T. 2012. Webb's An Irish Flora. p. 355. Cork University Press. ISBN   978-185918-4783
  7. 1 2 RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN   978-1405332965.
  8. Gledhill (2008), p. 229.
  9. DeFelice (2005), p. 768.
  10. "Lamium galeobdolon". Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
  11. Wedgwood, Hensleigh (1855). "On False Etymologies". Transactions of the Philological Society (6): 70.
  12. Brown, V. K.; Lawton, J. H.; Grubb, P. J. (29 August 1991). "Herbivory and the Evolution of Leaf Size and Shape [and Discussion]". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 333 (1267): 265–272. doi:10.1098/rstb.1991.0076. ... appearance of vegetative plants of white dead-nettles (Lamium album) (Labiatae) bear a close resemblance to stinging nettles (Urtica dioica) (Urticaceae). Stinging hairs deter soft-muzzled, grazing mammals, suggesting that dead-nettles are harmless Batesian mimics. However, many other labiates that do not closely mimic nettles have ovate leaves with serrate margins, so if this is a case of true mimicry, it may have involved rather little modification in leaf shape. ...

Bibliography