Lampung people

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Lampung people
Ulun Lampung(in Lampung Api)
Jamma Lappung(in Lampung Nyo)
Pengantin Suku Lampung.jpg
A Lampung bride and bridegroom in 1987. Both of the couples are of the Sungkai Bungamayang clan. The traditional headgear of the bride, which is called Siger, is commonly used in Lampung weddings.
Regions with significant populations
Flag of Indonesia.svg  Indonesia 1,381,660 [1]
          Flag of Lampung.svg  Lampung 1,028,190
          Flag of West Java (vectorised).svg  West Java 92,862
          Flag of Banten, Indonesia.svg  Banten 69,885
          Flag of Jakarta (vectorised).svg  Jakarta 45,215
          Flag of South Sumatra (vectorised).svg  South Sumatra 44,983
Languages
  • Native:
  • Lampung languages
    • Standard Lampung
    • Cikoneng Lampung
  • Also:
Religion
Islam
Related ethnic groups

The Lampung or Lampungese (Jamma Lampung(in Lampung Api); Ulun Lappung(in Lampung Nyo)) are an indigenous ethnic group native to Lampung and some parts of South Sumatra (especially in Martapura region of Empat Lawang Regency, Muaradua district of South Ogan Komering Ulu Regency, Kayu Agung district of Ogan Komering Ilir Regency, Tanjung Raja district of Ogan Ilir Regency), Bengkulu (in Merpas district of Kaur Regency), as well as in the southwest coast of Banten (in Cikoneng of Serang Regency). They speak the Lampung language, a Lampungic language estimated to have 1.5 million speakers. [2]

Contents

Origins

A group of dancing girls with distinguished headdress from Lampung in full regalia, 1929. COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Portret van een voornaam hoofd met dansmeisjes uit Lampong in vol ornaat TMnr 10001861.jpg
A group of dancing girls with distinguished headdress from Lampung in full regalia, 1929.

The origins of the Lampung people is closely tied to the name of Lampung itself. In the 7th century the Chinese had already mentioned about a place in the south (Nampang) where it is said to be the place of the Tolang Pohwang kingdom, the location of the former kingdom's territory may now refer to the area of Tulang Bawang Regency or regions alongside the Tulang Bawang River, this is supported by Prof. Gabriel Ferrand (1918). [3] There are strong evidence that Lampung was part of the Srivijaya empire with its capital in Jambi and did conquered parts of South East Asia region including Lampung until the 11th century. [4]

In the 5th AD Taiping Huanyu Ji chronicles, names of the Nan-hai (Southern ocean) states were recorded and among them are two states which were mentioned in sequence, To-lang and Po-hwang. The To-lang state was mentioned only once, but the Po-hwang state was mentioned many times as this state did send envoys to China in the year of 442, 449, 451, 459, 464 and 466. [5]

It is said that there is also a Tulangbawang kingdom, although the idea simply came from the unification of the two names in the Chinese chronicles. [6]

Culture

Originally the lineage of the Lampung people came from Sekala Brak kingdom. [7] However, in its customary sense the Lampung people developed and became two people group, namely the Saibatin Lampungs (coastal) and the Pepadun Lampungs (interior). [8] The customs of the Saibatin people are well known for its aristocracy, [8] while the customs of the Pepadun people which emerged later had democratic values developed in opposed to the aristocracy values held by the Saibatin people. [8]

Saibatin Lampungs

A village head from a village by the Way Umpu river in Lampung, 1901. COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Portret van een dorpshoofd met gevolg uit een dorp bij de rivier Wai Oempoe in de Lampongse districten TMnr 60043372.jpg
A village head from a village by the Way Umpu river in Lampung, 1901.

The Saibatin Lampungs occupy traditional regions such as Labuhan Maringgai, Pugung, Jabung, Way Jepara, Kalianda, Raja Basa, Teluk Betung, Padang Cermin, Cukuh Balak, Way Lima, Talang Padang, Kota Agung, Semaka, Suoh, Sekincau, Batu Brak, Belalau, Liwa, Pesisir Krui, Ranau, Martapura, Muara Dua, Kayu Agung with four of these cities are in South Sumatra province, Cikoneng in Pantai Banten and including Merpas in South Bengkulu Regency. The Saibatin Lampungs are also often referred to as Pesisir (coastal) Lampungs because majority of them lived along the east, south and west coast of Lampung with each consisting of:- [9]

Pepadun Lampungs

Lampung girls in dance costume at the time of the Dutch East Indies. COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Dansmeisjes van Lampong te Menggala TMnr 10004587.jpg
Lampung girls in dance costume at the time of the Dutch East Indies.

The Pepadun Lampungs or Pedalaman (interior) Lampungs consists of:- [10]

Philosophical life

The philosophical life of the Lampung people are contained in the Kuntara Raja Niti manuscript, [11] which are:-

The above-mentioned philosophical values are denoted by the symbol of five decorative flowers of the Lampung seal.

The characteristic traits of the Lampung people are expressed in the adi-adi (poems):-
Tandani ulun Lampung, wat piil-pusanggiri
Mulia heno sehitung, wat liom ghega dighi
Juluk-adok gham pegung, nemui-nyimah muaghi
Nengah-nyampugh mak ngungkung, sakai-Sambaian gawi.

Language

A group of men and children from Negeri Batin village, Blambangan Umpu district, Way Kanan Regency, Lampung, 1901. COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Portret van een groep mannen en kinderen uit Negeribatin in de Lampongse districten TMnr 60043398.jpg
A group of men and children from Negeri Batin village, Blambangan Umpu district, Way Kanan Regency, Lampung, 1901.

The Lampung language is the language used by the Lampung people in Lampung, southern Palembang and the west coast of Banten. This language is classified in its own branch from the western Malayo-Polynesian languages (Lampungic languages) [12] and is most closely related to Malay, Sundanese and Javanese. [13] The Lampung language has two major dialects which is Api and Nyo dialects. [14] The Api dialect are spoken by the people of Sekala Brak, Melinting Maringgai, Darah Putih Rajabasa, Balau Telukbetung, Semaka Kota Agung, Pesisir Krui, Ranau, Komering and Daya (those that practices the Saibatin Lampungs customs), and including Way Kanan, Sungkai and Pubian (those that practices Pepadun Lampungs customs). The Nyo dialect are used by the people of Abung and Tulangbawang (those that practices Pepadun Lampungs customs). According to Dr. Van Royen, there are two classification of the Lampung language which are the Belalau dialect or Api dialect and the Abung dialect or Nyo dialect. [15] Komering, spoken by the Komering is also part of Lampungic languages but mostly considered an independent language of its own, separate from proper Lampung as the Komering people have a different culture from Lampung people. [16]

Lampung script

Lampung script that is referred to as Had Lampung is a form of writing that is related to the Pallawa script from South India. [17] Just like a form of syllable-based phonetic writing similar to the vowels as used in Arabic letters by using the sign of fathah at the top row and the sign of kasrah at the bottom row but does not use the sign of dammah on the front row unless the mark is used at the back, with each mark has its own name.

This shows that Lampung script is influenced by two elements, namely the Pallawa script and Arabic script. The Lampung script also has a form of kinship with Rencong script, Rejang script, [17] Bengkulu script and Bugis script. [18] Had Lampung consists of main letters, sub-letters, double letters and consonant clusters, as well as also symbols, numbers and punctuation. Lampung script is also referred to as KaGaNga, a term for a script that is written and read in a direction from left to right with 20 main letters.

The traditional Lampung script has undergone changes throughout history, becoming less complex than the ancient version. This refined version is what is taught in schools today.

Notable Lampung people

Statesmen and politicians:

Professional practitioners:

Reporters and journalists:

Freedom fighters:

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lampung</span> Province of Indonesia

Lampung, officially the Province of Lampung, is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the southern tip of the island of Sumatra. It has a short border with the province of Bengkulu to the northwest, and a longer border with the province of South Sumatra to the north, as well a maritime border with the province of Banten and Jakarta to the east. It is the original home of the Lampung people, who speak their own language, and possess their own written script. Its capital is Bandar Lampung.

The Batin are a sub-group of Malay people that inhabits the interior parts of Jambi province

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lampung language</span> Language in Indonesia

Lampung or Lampungic is an Austronesian language or dialect cluster with around 1.5 million native speakers, who primarily belong to the Lampung ethnic group of southern Sumatra, Indonesia. It is divided into two or three varieties: Lampung Api, Lampung Nyo, and Komering. The latter is sometimes included in Lampung Api, sometimes treated as an entirely separate language. Komering people see themselves as ethnically separate from, but related to, Lampung people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kendayan people</span>

The Kendayan are an Indonesian ethnic group native to Kalimantan, Indonesia in Borneo. The population of the group is around 366,000.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bantenese people</span> Ethnic group in Indonesia

The Bantenese are an indigenous ethnic group native to Banten in the westernmost part of Java island, Indonesia. The area of Banten province corresponds more or less with the area of the former Banten Sultanate, a Bantenese nation state that preceded Indonesia. In his book "The Sultanate of Banten", Guillot Claude writes on page 35: “These estates, owned by the Bantenese of Chinese descent, were concentrated around the village of Kelapadua.” Most of Bantenese are Sunni Muslim. The Bantenese speak the Sundanese-Banten dialect, a variety of the Sundanese language which does not have a general linguistic register, this language is called Basa Sunda Banten.

The Ulu scripts, locally known as Surat Ulu are a family of writing systems found in central and south Sumatra, in the regions of Kerinci, Bengkulu, Palembang and Lampung, Indonesia. They were used to write manuscripts in Sumatran languages and Malay, such as the Tanjung Tanah Code of Law. The Malay writing was gradually replaced by the Jawi script, a localized version of the Arabic script.

Lawangan is an Austronesian language of the East Barito group. It is spoken by about 100,000 Lawangan people living in the central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Lawangan has a high degree of dialectal diversity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tanggamus Regency</span> Regency in Lampung, Indonesia

Tanggamus Regency is a regency (kabupaten) of Lampung Province, Sumatra, Indonesia. It has an area of 4,654.96 km² and had a population of 534,595 at the 2010 Census and 640,275 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2022 was 652,898. The regency seat is the town of Kota Agung Pusat. The regency was created on 21 March 1997, but districts in its eastern part were split away on 29 October 2008 to form a new Pringsewu Regency. It lies in the southwest of the province, and surrounds Semangka Bay on its west, north and east coasts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gorontalo people</span> Ethnic group in Indonesia

Gorontalo people, also known as Gorontalese are a native ethnic group and the most populous ethnicity in the northern part of Sulawesi. The Gorontalo people have traditionally been concentrated in the provinces of Gorontalo, North Sulawesi, and the northern part of Central Sulawesi.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kanta (shield)</span> Shield

The Kanta is a traditional shield of the Toraja and Pamona people of Tana Toraja Regency, South Sulawesi and Poso Regency, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia respectively.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rangkiang</span> Type of rice silo in Indonesia

Rangkiang is a granary or rice barn of the Minangkabau people used to keep rice. The rangkiang is a distinctive feature of Minangkabau architecture. The structure is traditionally found in the courtyard of a rumah gadang, the traditional house of Minangkabau people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Baduy language</span> Sundanesic language spoken by Baduy people

Baduy is one of the Sundanese-Baduy languages spoken predominantly by the Baduy people. It is conventionally considered a dialect of Sundanese, but it is often considered a separate language due to its diverging vocabulary and cultural reasons that differ from the rest of the Sundanese people. Native speakers of the Baduy language are spread in regions around the Mount Kendeng, Rangkasbitung district of Lebak Regency and Pandeglang Regency, Banten Province, Indonesia. It is estimated that there are 11,620 speakers as of 2015.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bantenese language</span> Sundanese language spoken by Bantenese people

Banten Sundanese or Bantenese is one of the Sundanese dialect spoken predominantly by the Bantenese —an indigenous ethnic group native to Banten— in the westernmost hemisphere of Java island, and in the western Bogor Regency, as well as the northwestern parts of Sukabumi Regency. A variety of Bantenese is spoken by the Ciptagelar people in the Kasepuhan Ciptagelar traditional community in the Cisolok district and the Kasepuhan Banten Kidul traditional community in the Lebak Regency.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Islam in Central Sulawesi</span>

Islam in Central Sulawesi, a province of Indonesia, is the majority religion embraced by around 75% of the province's 2,683,722 inhabitants . The propagators of Islam were thought to enter Central Sulawesi through neighboring regions, namely Bone, Wajo, and Mandar from the south and west routes, and through Gorontalo and Ternate from the north and east routes via Tomini Bay and Tolo Bay.

A Pujungan Inscription, also called Bronze Tongtong Inscription, is a short inscription written on a copper slit drum, which was found in the village of Pujungan in Pupuan District, Tabanan Regency, Bali, Indonesia. This inscription is thought to have been written during the reign of King Anak Wungsu in the 11th century. This is the first inscription that mentions the name Sasak, the name of the indigenous people of Lombok island.

Tuanku Panglima Paderap, also called Panglima Deli, was the third ruler of the Deli Sultanate, now part of North Sumatra, Indonesia. He succeeded his father Tuanku Panglima Perunggit, who died around 1700. Paderap had four sons, namely Tuanku Jalaluddin, Tuanku Panglima Pasutan, Tuanku Tawar, and Tuanku Umar.

Lembak people, also known as Linggau people, are a local ethnic group that inhabits several areas of Bengkulu Province and South Sumatra Province in Indonesia. Their original settlements are in the border area between the two provinces, in the Barisan mountain range, with densely clustered villages pattern.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Penai (sword)</span> Klewang sword

Penai is a machete-like sword found in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Traditionally, it is used for both war and agricultural tools. It is used by the Bare'e speaking Torajan people and Pamona people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tangkin</span> Parang (knife)

The Tangkin is a traditional parang (knife) of the Iban people from Sarawak, Malaysia and West Kalimantan, Indonesia.

References

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Further reading