Lilium superbum

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Lilium superbum
LiliumSuperbum1.jpg
Lilium superbum in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, North Carolina
Status TNC G5.svg
Secure  (NatureServe) [1]
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Liliales
Family: Liliaceae
Subfamily: Lilioideae
Tribe: Lilieae
Genus: Lilium
Species:
L. superbum
Binomial name
Lilium superbum
L. 1753 not Thunb. 1784
Synonyms [2]
  • Lilium fortunofulgidumRoane & J.N.Henry
  • Lilium gazarubrumRoane & J.N.Henry
  • Lilium mary-henryaeRoane & J.N.Henry

Lilium superbum is a species of true lily native to the eastern and central regions of North America. [3] [4] [5] Common names include Turk's cap lily, [3] turban lily, [4] swamp lily, [6] lily royal, [6] or American tiger lily.[ citation needed ] The native range of the species extends from southern New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and New York, west to Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas, and south to Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida. [3] [7]

Contents

Description

Lilium superbum grows from 3–7 feet (0.91–2.13 m) high with typically three to seven blooms, but exceptional specimens have been observed with up to 40 flowers on each stem. [4] It is capable of growing in wet conditions. [8] It is fairly variable in size, form, and color. [4] The color is known to range from a deep yellow to orange to a reddish-orange "flame" coloring with reddish petal tips. [4] The flowers have a green star at their center that can be used to distinguish L. superbum from the Asiatic "tigerlilies" that frequently escape from cultivation. [5] It grows in swamps, woods, and wet meadows. [9]

Uses

The roots were a food source for Native Americans, and the flowers provide nectar for hummingbirds and larger insects. [10]

Status

It is listed as endangered in Florida, New Hampshire, Alberta and Saskatchewan and threatened in Kentucky, and exploitably vulnerable in New York. [3]

Etymology

The Turk's cap common name is derived from the reflexed shape of the flower petals, which presumably resemble a type of hat worn by early Turkish people. [9]

Toxicity

Cats

Cats are extremely sensitive to lily toxicity and ingestion is often fatal; [11] [12] [13] households and gardens that are visited by cats are strongly advised against keeping this plant or placing dried flowers where a cat may brush against them and become dusted with pollen that they then consume while cleaning. Suspected cases require urgent veterinary attention. [14] Rapid treatment with activated charcoal and/or induced vomiting can reduce the amount of toxin absorbed (this is time-sensitive so in some cases vets may advise doing it at home), and large amounts of fluid by IV can reduce damage to kidneys to increase the chances of survival. [14]

Traditional uses

The bulbs were made into soups by some Native Americans. [15]

Related Research Articles

<i>Lilium</i> Genus of plants

Lilium is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants growing from bulbs, all with large and often prominent flowers. They are the true lilies. Lilies are a group of flowering plants which are important in culture and literature in much of the world. Most species are native to the Northern Hemisphere and their range is temperate climates and extends into the subtropics. Many other plants have "lily" in their common names, but do not belong to the same genus and are therefore not true lilies.

<i>Lilium bulbiferum</i> Species of lily

Lilium bulbiferum, common names orange lily, fire lily,Jimmy's Bane,tiger lily and St. John's Lily, is a herbaceous European lily with underground bulbs, belonging to the Liliaceae.

<i>Lilium candidum</i> Species of lily

Lilium candidum, the Madonna lily or white lily, is a plant in the true lily family. It is native to the Balkans and Middle East, and naturalized in other parts of Europe, including France, Italy, and Ukraine, and in North Africa, the Canary Islands, Mexico, and other regions. It has been cultivated since antiquity, for at least 3,000 years, and has great symbolic value since then for many cultures. It is susceptible to several virus diseases common to lilies, and especially to Botrytis fungus. One technique to avoid problems with viruses is to grow plants from seed instead of bulblets.

<i>Lilium longiflorum</i> Species of lily

Lilium longiflorum, often called the Easter lily, is a species of plant endemic to both Taiwan and Ryukyu Islands (Japan). Lilium formosanum, a closely related species from Taiwan, has been treated as a variety of Easter lily in the past. It is a stem rooting lily, growing up to 1 m high. It bears a number of trumpet shaped, white, fragrant, and outward facing flowers.

<i>Lilium philadelphicum</i> Species of lily

Lilium philadelphicum, also known as the wood lily, flame lily, Philadelphia lily, prairie lily, or western red lily, is a perennial species of lily native to North America.

<i>Lilium martagon</i> Species of lily

Lilium martagon, the martagon lily or Turk's cap lily, is a Eurasian species of lily. It has a widespread native region extending from Portugal east through Europe and Asia as far east as Mongolia.

<i>Lilium henryi</i> Species of lily

Lilium henryi, sometimes called tiger lily or Henry's lily, is a native lily of the mountains of central China. The flowers are orange, spotted black, and unscented. The petals are recurving, and eventually resemble those of the more widespread Turk's-cap lily.

<i>Lilium pardalinum</i> Species of plant

Lilium pardalinum, also known as the leopard lily or panther lily, is a flowering bulbous perennial plant in the lily family, native to Oregon, California, and Baja California. It usually grows in damp areas. Its range includes California chaparral and woodlands habitats and the Sierra Nevada.

<i>Hemerocallis fulva</i> Species of flowering plant in the family Asphodelaceae

Hemerocallis fulva, the orange day-lily, tawny daylily, corn lily, tiger daylily, fulvous daylily, ditch lily or Fourth of July lily, is a species of daylily native to Asia. It is very widely grown as an ornamental plant in temperate climates for its showy flowers and ease of cultivation. It is not a true lily in the genus Lilium, but gets its common name from the superficial similarity of its flowers to Lilium and from the fact that each flower lasts only one day.

<i>Lilium michiganense</i> Species of lily

Lilium michiganense is a species of true lily commonly referred to as the Michigan lily. It is a wildflower present in prairie habitats in the Great Lakes and Upper Mississippi Valley regions of the United States and Canada, from South Dakota through Ontario to New York, south to Georgia and Oklahoma.

<i>Lilium michauxii</i> Species of lily

Lilium michauxii, commonly known as the Carolina lily, can be found in the southeastern United States from southern Virginia in the north to the Florida Panhandle in the south to eastern Texas in the west. Blooming is most common in July and August but can occur as late as October. It was named for the French botanist André Michaux, who traveled and did extensive research throughout the Southeast.

<i>Calochortus nuttallii</i> Species of flowering plant

Calochortus nuttallii, also known as the sego lily, is a bulbous perennial plant that is endemic to the Western United States. The common name of sego comes from a similar Shoshone word. It is the state flower of Utah.

<i>Lilium columbianum</i> Species of lily

Lilium columbianum is a lily native to western North America. It is also known as the Columbia lily, Columbia tiger lily, or simply tiger lily.

<i>Lilium occidentale</i> Species of lily

Lilium occidentale is a rare North American species of lily known by the common name western lily. Its species name 'Occidentale' means 'westernmost' and refers to its location along the West Coast. It is native to northwestern California and southwestern Oregon. It grows in coastal prairie habitat, swamps and stagnant bogs with Drosera species, bluffs and sandy cliffs, and seaside spruce forests. This rare wildflower is limited in distribution and directly endangered by a number of environmental factors. It is a federally listed endangered species and it is listed as endangered by the states of California and Oregon.

<i>Lilium grayi</i> Species of lily

Lilium grayi is a perennial plant that is endemic to the eastern US states of North Carolina, Virginia, and Tennessee, growing in moist, acid soil in the Appalachian mountains on higher elevation meadows, bogs, and seeps. The plant was introduced to Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew in 1890 and was featured in the Kew Bulletin in 1892.

<i>Lilium iridollae</i> Species of lily

Lilium iridollae is a species of Lilium or lily. It is a perennial forb. This species is considered one of five known Lilium species native to specific sites in the United States' southeast region. In 1940, this species was discovered by Mary Henry in its habitat. She named the lily in reference to a "pot of gold at the end of the rainbow".

<i>Lilium catesbaei</i> Species of lily

Lilium catesbaei, sometimes known as Catesby's lily, pine lily, leopard lily, tiger lily, or southern-red lily is a native of Florida and the coastal regions of the American Southeast, where it usually grows in damp areas from Louisiana to Virginia.

<i>Lilium pyrophilum</i> Species of lily

Lilium pyrophilum, the sandhills lily, is a North American species of plant in the lily family. It is endemic to the Sandhills region of southern Virginia, North Carolina and northern South Carolina, in the eastern United States.

<i>Lilium fargesii</i> Species of lily

Lilium fargesii is a Chinese species of plants in the lily family native to Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan and Yunnan provinces of China.

<i>Lilium papilliferum</i> Species of flowering plant

Lilium papilliferum is a species of the lily genus (Lilium) in the Oriental hybrids division (VII). The species, about which little is known, has only been collected a few times and is native to north-central and south-central China. Its deep dark red flower color is unique in the genus.

References

  1. NatureServe (30 June 2023). "Lilium superbum". NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
  2. Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  3. 1 2 3 4 United States Department of Agriculture plants profile
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Blanchan, Neltje (2005). Wild Flowers Worth Knowing . Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.
  5. 1 2 Connecticut Botanical Society
  6. 1 2 "Lilium superbum". Germplasm Resources Information Network . Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 20 December 2014.
  7. Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map
  8. Synge, Patrick M. Collins Guide to Bulbs. (1961)
  9. 1 2 "Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center - The University of Texas at Austin". www.wildflower.org.
  10. Hilty, John (2020). "Turk's Cap Lily". Illinois Wildflowers. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
  11. Frequently Asked Questions No Lilies For Cats.
  12. Fitzgerald, KT (2010). "Lily toxicity in the cat". Top Companion Anim Med. 25 (4): 213–7. doi:10.1053/j.tcam.2010.09.006. PMID   21147474.
  13. Pearson, Dan (21 July 2013). "Turk's cap lily is pure delight". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
  14. 1 2 Morrison, Barri J. (30 September 2022). "Lily Poisoning in Cats". Pet MD. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
  15. Niering, William A.; Olmstead, Nancy C. (1985) [1979]. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers, Eastern Region. Knopf. p. 603. ISBN   0-394-50432-1.