This list represents a sample of American people imprisoned abroad by state and non-state actors, past and present. This list includes both citizens of the United States and legal permanent residents. It represents individuals imprisoned through various channels, including tried crimes and kidnappings. It does not include American prisoners of war or war-time kidnappings.
The Special Presidential Envoy for Hostage Affairs (SPEHA) Roger D. Carstens leads and coordinates activities across the Executive Branch to bring home Americans held hostage in other countries. Non-governmental organizations that advocate for the return of Americans imprisoned abroad include the Richardson Center for Global Engagement, the James Foley Legacy Foundation, and the Bring Our Families Home Campaign.
Name | Detained | Released | Days in detention | Reason for detention | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jeffrey Woodke | 14 October 2016 | 20 March 2023 | 2795 | Kidnapped for monetary ransom | [1] |
Paul Rusesabagina | 31 August 2020 | 25 March 2023 | 1378 | Arrested on charges of terrorism, arson, kidnap and "murder perpetrated against unarmed, innocent Rwandan civilians on Rwandan territory". | |
Ryan Koher | 4 November 2022 | provisionally released | 583 | Arrested trying to fly supplies to orphanage in Northern Mozambique and was held without charges or bail. March 15, 2023 provisionally released but forbidden from leaving country. | [2] |
Marcel Malanga | 19 May 2024 | In detention | 21 | Involvement in the 2024 DRC coup attempt | [3] |
Tyler Thompson | 19 May 2024 | In detention | 21 | Involvement in the 2024 DRC coup attempt | [4] |
Benjamin Reuben Zalman-Polun | 19 May 2024 | In detention | 21 | Involvement in the 2024 DRC coup attempt | [5] |
Name | Detained | Released | Days in detention | Reason for detention | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mark Frerichs | 31 January 2020 | September 2022 | 944 | Kidnapped by the Haqqani network |
Name | Detained | Released | Days in detention | Reason for detention | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kai Li | July 2018 | In detention | ~2170 | espionage | [6] |
Mark Swidan | 13 November 2012 | In detention | 4226 | Assisting the transportation and payment of technicians to manufacture methamphetamine | [7] |
David Lin and Friends | 2008 | In detention | ~5844 | contract fraud and sentenced to life in prison | [8] |
Name | Detained | Released | Days in detention | Reason for detention | Notes | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Emad Shargi | 30 November 2020 | 18 September 2023 | 1287 | Espionage / Spying | Sentenced to 10 years in January 2021. Had previously been cleared in December 2019 | [9] [10] |
Morad Tahbaz | January 2018 | 18 September 2023 | ~2351 | [11] | ||
Baquer Namazi | 22 February 2016 | 5 October 2022 | 3030 | Espionage/Spying | [12] | |
Siamak Namazi | 13 October 2015 | 18 September 2023 | 3160 | [13] | ||
Shahab Dalili | 2016 | In detention | ~2922 | "Aiding and abetting" the U.S. | [14] |
Name | Detained | Released | Days in detention | Reason for detention | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Paul Overby | 17 May 2014 | In detention | 3676 |
Name | Detained | Wrongfully* | Released | Days in detention | Reason for detention | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Trevor Reed | 16 August 2019 | Yes | 27 April 2022 | 985 | violence against an officer | [15] |
Sarah Krivanek | 15 December 2021 | No | 8 December 2022 | 358 | domestic dispute | [16] [17] |
Brittney Griner | 17 February 2022 | Yes | 8 December 2022 | 294 | possession of hashish oil | |
Paul Whelan | 28 December 2018 | Yes | In detention | 1990 | espionage | |
Marc Fogel | 15 August 2021 | No | In detention | 1029 | marijuana possession | [18] [19] |
Eugene Spector | 19 February 2020 | No | In detention | 1572 | bribery and espionage | [20] |
Evan Gershkovich | 29 March 2023 | Yes | In detention | 438 | espionage | |
David Barnes | 13 January 2022 | No | In detention | 878 | child abuse (custody dispute) | [21] |
James Vincent Wilgus | 7 November 2016 | No | In detention | 2771 | indecent exposure | [22] |
Thomas Stwalley | 6 July 2018 | No | In detention | 2165 | intent to distribute marijuana | [23] |
Michael Travis Leake | 6 June 2023 | No | In detention | 369 | intent to distribute drugs | [24] |
Alsu Kurmasheva | 18 October 2023 | No | In detention | 235 | failure to register as a foreign agent. | [25] |
Name | Detained | Released | Days in detention | Reason for detention | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Austin Tice | 14 August 2012 | In detention | 4317 | ||
Majd Kamalmaz | 15 February 2017 | Deceased while in detention, May 2024 |
Name | Detained | Released | Days in detention | Reason for detention | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zack Shahin | March 2008 | In detention | ~5944 | bribery and embezzlement | [26] |
Name | Detained | Released | Days in detention | Reason for detention | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eyvin Hernandez | 29 March 2022 | December 21 2023 | 803 | Illegal Entry into the Country | |
Matthew John Heath | September 2020 | October 1 2022 | ~1377 | Terrorism and Arms Trafficking | |
Airan Berry | May 2020 | December 21 2023 | ~1500 | Took part in a Beach landing to overthrow the government | [27] |
Luke Denman | May 2020 | December 21 2023 | ~1500 | Took part in a Beach landing to overthrow the government | [27] |
Gustavo Cárdenas | 21 November 2017 | March 9 2022 | 1569 | Arrested for corruption charges and detained among the Citgo Six | |
Tomeu Vadell | 21 November 2017 | October 1 2022 | 1775 | ||
Jorge Toledo | 21 November 2017 | October 1 2022 | 1775 | ||
Alirio Zambrano | 21 November 2017 | October 1 2022 | 1775 | ||
Jose Luis Zambrano | 21 November 2017 | October 1 2022 | 1775 | ||
Jose Angel Pereira | 21 November 2017 | October 1 2022 | 1775 |
A political prisoner is someone imprisoned for their political activity. The political offense is not always the official reason for the prisoner's detention.
Freedom of the press or freedom of the media is the fundamental principle that communication and expression through various media, including printed and electronic media, especially published materials, should be considered a right to be exercised freely. Such freedom implies the absence of interference from an overreaching state; its preservation may be sought through the constitution or other legal protection and security. It is in opposition to paid press, where communities, police organizations, and governments are paid for their copyrights.
Iran and the United States have had no formal diplomatic relations since 7 April 1980. Instead, Pakistan serves as Iran's protecting power in the United States, while Switzerland serves as the United States' protecting power in Iran. Contacts are carried out through the Iranian Interests Section of the Pakistani Embassy in Washington, D.C., and the US Interests Section of the Swiss Embassy in Tehran. In August 2018, Supreme Leader of Iran Ali Khamenei banned direct talks with the United States.
Mohamed Salah al-Din al-Halim Zaidan commonly known by his nom de guerreSaif al-Adel is a former Egyptian Army officer and explosives expert who is widely understood to be the de facto leader of al-Qaeda. Al-Adel fought the Soviets as an Afghan Arab before becoming a founding member of the al-Qaeda organization. He is a member of Al-Qaeda's Majlis al-Shura and has headed the organization's military committee since the death of Muhammad Atef in 2001. He is currently known to live in Iran along with several other senior members of the group.
On January 11, 2007, the United States military raided the Iranian Liaison Office in Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq, ostensibly to detain two senior Iranian officials, but captured five mid-level diplomats instead. The U.S. government's position is that the office was used by the Iranian Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) as a local headquarters. However, both Iranian and Kurdish officials state that it was a diplomatic mission in the city of Erbil.
The Shiraz Metro is the rapid transit system in Shiraz, Fars, Iran, operated by Shiraz Urban Railway Organization. Construction began in 2001, and service in the first line officially commenced on 11 October 2014.
Special Groups (SGs) is a designation given by the United States military to the cell-based Shi'a paramilitary organizations operating within Iraq, According to the United States these groups are funded, trained, and armed by the Iranian Quds Force, part of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC).
Omid Namazi is an Iranian-American former professional soccer player and coach. Namazi is a USSF “Pro” coaching license holder. Namazi played professionally as a defender in the American Soccer League, American Professional Soccer League, Major League Soccer, USISL and National Professional Soccer League where he was the 2001 Defender of the Year and he played for United States national futsal team. He is a two-time Coach of the Year in the Major Indoor Soccer League and coached in the Women's United Soccer Association. As assistant coach of Iran, he led the team to qualification to the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2015 AFC Asian Cup.
Christian Malanga Musumari, was a Congolese-American politician, businessman, and military officer. He was leader of the United Congolese Party (UCP), a national political party he formed after his experiences in the Democratic Republic of the Congo's widely disputed parliamentary elections in 2011. In 2017, he established the New Zaire Government in Exile and proclaimed himself its president. Malanga attempted to overthrow the government of the DRC on 19 May 2024. The attempt failed with Malanga being shot dead and his son Marcel being arrested.
Political kidnapping is kidnapping which is conducted to obtain political concessions from security forces or governments.
Nizar Zakka is a Lebanese national who was arrested by Iran in 2015, and was imprisoned until 2019 on charges of espionage for the United States. Zakka worked as an Internet freedom advocate and served as secretary general of the Arab Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Organization (IJMA3) in Washington, D.C., and is a US permanent resident.
Xiyue Wang is a Chinese-American academic who was imprisoned in Iran from 2016 to 2019 after being accused of espionage.
Siamak Namazi is an Iranian-American businessman. He had been detained in Evin Prison in Iran from October 13, 2015, until his release.
Mohammad Baquer Namazi is an Iranian-American former civil servant who served as Governor of Khuzestan Province under Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. He was imprisoned in Iran from 2016 until 2022.
Emad Shargi is an Iranian-American businessman. On April 23, 2018, during a trip to Iran, Shargi and his wife were taken into custody by Iranian authorities and held in Evin prison. Emad Shargi was taken to a Tehran court on November 30, 2020, where he was informed that he had been convicted of espionage without a trial and sentenced to 10 years in prison. Iran does not recognize dual citizenship, depriving prisoners like Shargi of consular assistance and diplomatic access.
Djugu territory is a district of Ituri, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Its capital is also named Djugu.
Kai Li is an American businessman who has been detained in China since 2016. The United States government considers Li to be wrongfully detained under the Levinson Act. The U.N. Working Group on Arbitrary Detention declared Li's detention to be arbitrary.
Bring Our Families Home (BOFH) is a campaign by family members of American hostages and detainees advocating for their immediate release. The James Foley Legacy Foundation claims that there are approximately sixty Americans who are being held hostage or wrongfully detained abroad. The Foley Foundation provides support to BOFH.
On 19 May 2024, an attempted coup d'état took place in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Targeting President Félix Tshisekedi and his Economy Minister Vital Kamerhe, the assailants attacked both the Palais de la Nation, and Kamerhe's residence. They were heavily armed and put up an intense fight at the Kamerhe home, at least one shell from the fighting detonated in the nearby capital of the Republic of the Congo (RC), Brazzaville, causing several injuries.