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Following are lists of notable Arabic dictionaries.
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Following are lists of notable Arabic dictionaries.
| Title | Author | Date | Vocabulary | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kitab al-'Ayn [n 1] (Arabic : كتاب العين) | Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi (Arabic : الخليل بن أحمد الفراهيدي) (b. 718 - d. 791) | 8th century | Kitab al-Ayn was the first dictionary for the Arabic language. [1] | |
| Kitab al-Jim [n 2] (Arabic : كتاب الجيم) a.k.a. Kitab al-Lughat or Kitab al-Huruf | Abu Amr al-Shaybani (Arabic : أبو عمرو الشيباني) (b. ca. 738 - d. 828) | 8-9th century | The only copy is in the El Escorial Library. [2] | |
| Al-Jamhara al-Lugha [n 3] (Arabic : جمهرة اللغة) a.k.a. Al-Jamhara fi al-Lugha (The all-embracing in language) [3] | Ibn Duraid [4] (Arabic : ابن دريد) (b. 838 - d. 933) | 9-10th century | The dictionary was inspired in part by the earlier dictionary Kitab al-Ayn of al-Farahidi. [5] | |
| Tahdhib al-Lugha [n 4] (Arabic : تهذيب اللغة) | Abu Manshur al-Azhari al-Harawi (Arabic : أبو منصور الأزهري الهروي) (b. 895 - d. 981) | 10th century | The dictionary is important as a source of the Lisan al-Arab. [6] | |
| Al-Muhit fi al-Lugha [n 5] (Arabic : المحيط في اللغة) | Al-Sahib ibn Abbad (Arabic : الصاحب بن عبّاد) (b. 938 - d. 995) | 10th century | ||
| Taj al-Lugha wa Sihah al-Arabiyya [n 6] (Arabic : تاج اللغة وصحاح العربية) shorter title:Taj al-Lugha or al-Sihah | Ismail ibn Hammad al-Jawhari (Arabic : إسماعيل بن حماد الجوهري) (b. ? - d. 1009) | 10-11th century | It contains about 40,000 dictionary entries. [7] | The author died at Nishapur while attempting flight. [8] |
| Mu`jam Maqayis al-Lugha [9] (Arabic : معجم مقاييس اللغة; "Language Standards Compendium) | Ahmad Ibn Zakariyya al-Qazwini Ibn Faris | 11th century | ||
| Al-Muhkam wa al-Muhit al-A'zam [n 7] (Arabic : المحكم والمحيط الأعظم) shorter title:Al-Muhkam | Ibn Sidah (Arabic : ابن سيده) (b. 1007 - d. 1066) | 11th century | The author was a blind man. [10] | |
| Lisan al-Arab [n 8] (Arabic : لسان العرب) | Ibn Manzur (Arabic : ابن منظور) (b. 1233 - d. 1312) | The dictionary was completed in 1290. [11] | It contains about 80,000 dictionary entries. [12] | |
| Al-Misbah al-munir [9] (Arabic : المصباح المنير ; "The Enlightening Lamp") | Ahmed Al Maqri Ahmed bin Mohammed bin Ali Al Maqri Al Fayoumi | The dictionary dates to 1368 | ||
| Al-Qamus al-Muhit wa al-Qabus al-Wasit [n 9] [n 10] (Arabic : القاموس المحيط، والقابوس الوسيط; "The Encompassing Ocean/Lexicon") shorter title:Al-Qamus al-Muhit | Al-Firuzabadi (Arabic : الفيروزآبادي) (b. 1329 - d. 1414) | The dictionary was completed in 1410. [13] | It contains about 60,000 dictionary entries. [14] | The dictionary served as the basis of later European dictionaries of Arabic. [15] |
| Ahkam Bab al-I`rab `n Lughat al-A`rab (Arabic : أحكام باب الإعراب عن لغة الأعراب)[ citation needed ] | Germanus Farhat (1670–1732) | Printed by Rashid Dahdah (1813–1889) | A revision of Fairuzabadi’s Al-Qamus Al-Muheet. Arranged by word ending. | |
| Taj al-Arus Min Jawahir al-Qamus [n 11] (Arabic : تاج العروس) shorter title:Taj al-Arus | Abu al-Fayd Mohammad Murtada al-Zabidi [9] (Arabic : أبو الفيض محمد مرتضى الزبيديb. 1731 - d. 1790) | The dictionary was completed in 1774. [16] | It contains about 120,000 dictionary entries. [16] | |
| Muhit al-Muhit [n 12] (Arabic : محيط المحيط) a.k.a. Qutr al-Muhit (The Diameter of the Ocean) [17] | Butrus al-Bustani (Arabic : بطرس البستاني) (b. 1819 - d. 1883) | The dictionary was completed in 1870. [17] | The author had dedicated the work to the Sultan Abdulaziz. The sultan awarded him with a higher medal and 250 golden liras. [18] | |
| Al-Faraed Al-Hissan Min Qalaed Al-Lisan (Arabic : الفرائد الحسان من قلائد اللسان) | Ibrahim al-Yaziji (Arabic : إبراهيم اليازجي; b. 1847 - d. 1907) | 1870 | ||
| Matn al-Lugha (Corpus of the language) [19] | Ahmad Rida (Arabic : أحمد رضا) (b. 1872 - d. 1953) | 1958 | ||
| Lexicon of the Modern Arabic Language (Arabic : معجم اللغة العربية المعاصرة) | Ahmad Mukhtar Omar | 2008 |
Influential Arabic dictionaries in Europe:
Influential Arabic dictionaries in modern usage:
A dictionary is a listing of lexemes from the lexicon of one or more specific languages, often arranged alphabetically, which may include information on definitions, usage, etymologies, pronunciations, translation, etc. It is a lexicographical reference that shows inter-relationships among the data.
Lexicography is the study of lexicons, and is divided into two separate academic disciplines. It is the art of compiling dictionaries.
The Sultanate of Rûm was a culturally Turco-Persian Sunni Muslim state, established over conquered Byzantine territories and peoples (Rûm) of Anatolia by the Seljuk Turks following their entry into Anatolia after the Battle of Manzikert (1071). The name Rûm was a synonym for the medieval Eastern Roman Empire and its peoples, as it remains in modern Turkish. The name is derived from the Aramaic (rhπmÈ) and Parthian (frwm) names for ancient Rome, via the Greek Ῥωμαῖοι (Romaioi).
Hurufism was a Sufi movement based on the mysticism of letters (ḥurūf), which originated in Astrabad and spread to areas of western Iran (Persia) and Anatolia in the late 14th and early 15th centuries.
Shawwal is the tenth month of the lunar Islamic calendar. Shawwāl stems from the Arabic verb shāla (شَالَ), which means to 'lift or carry', generally to take or move things from one place to another. The month was so named because a female camel would normally be carrying a fetus at this time of year in pre-Islamic Arabia.
The romanization of Arabic is the systematic rendering of written and spoken Arabic in the Latin script. Romanized Arabic is used for various purposes, among them transcription of names and titles, cataloging Arabic language works, language education when used instead of or alongside the Arabic script, and representation of the language in scientific publications by linguists. These formal systems, which often make use of diacritics and non-standard Latin characters and are used in academic settings or for the benefit of non-speakers, contrast with informal means of written communication used by speakers such as the Latin-based Arabic chat alphabet.
Abu ’l-Ṭāhir Muḥammad b. YaʿḲūb b. Muḥammad b. Ibrāhīm Mad̲j̲d al-Di̊n al-S̲h̲āfiʿī al-S̲h̲īrāzī also known as al-Fayrūzabādī (Arabic: الفيروزآبادي was a grammarian and a leading lexicographer in his time. He was the compiler of al-Qamous, a comprehensive and, for nearly five centuries, one of the most widely used Arabic dictionaries.
Abu ‘Abd ar-Raḥmān al-Khalīl ibn Aḥmad ibn ‘Amr ibn Tammām al-Farāhīdī al-Azdī al-Yaḥmadī, known as al-Farāhīdī, or al-Khalīl, was an Arab philologist, lexicographer and leading grammarian of Basra based on Iraq. He made the first dictionary of the Arabic language – and the oldest extant dictionary – Kitab al-'Ayn – introduced the now standard harakat system, and was instrumental in the early development of ʿArūḍ, musicology and poetic metre. His linguistic theories influenced the development of Persian, Turkish, Kurdish and Urdu prosody. The "Shining Star" of the Basran school of Arabic grammar, a polymath and scholar, he was a man of genuinely original thought.
The Seljuk dynasty, or Seljukids, Seljuqs, also known as Seljuk Turks, Seljuk Turkomans or the Saljuqids, was an Oghuz Turkic, Sunni Muslim dynasty that gradually became Persianate and contributed to Turco-Persian culture in West Asia and Central Asia. The Seljuks established the Seljuk Empire (1037–1194), the Sultanate of Kermân (1041–1186) and the Sultanate of Rum (1074–1308), which stretched from Iran to Anatolia and were the prime targets of the First Crusade.
Arabic has had a great influence on other languages, especially in vocabulary. The influence of Arabic has been most profound in those countries visited by Islam or Islamic power.
The Seljuk Empire, or the GreatSeljuk Empire, was a high medieval, culturally Turco-Persian, Sunni Muslim empire, established and ruled by the Qïnïq branch of Oghuz Turks. It spanned a total area of 3.9 million square kilometres from Anatolia and the Levant in the west to the Hindu Kush in the east, and from Central Asia in the north to the Persian Gulf in the south.
Qalat or kalata (قلعه) in Persian, and qal'a(-t) or qil'a(-t) in Arabic, means 'fortress', 'fortification', 'castle', or simply 'fortified place'. The common English plural is "qalats".
The Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk is the first comprehensive dictionary of Turkic languages, compiled in 1072–74 by the Turkic Kara-Khanid scholar Mahmud Kashgari who extensively documented the Turkic languages of his time.
The İslâm Ansiklopedisi (İA) is a Turkish academic encyclopedia for Islamic studies published by Türkiye Diyanet Foundation.
This is a list of palaces commissioned by the Ottoman dynasty in Istanbul, Turkey. Some of these buildings are summer houses or mansions.
Kitāb al-ʿAyn is the first Arabic language dictionary and one of the earliest known dictionaries of any language. It was compiled in the eighth century by al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi. The letter ayn (ع) of the dictionary's title is regarded as phonetically the deepest letter in the Arabic alphabet. In addition the word ayn carries the sense of 'a water source in the desert'. Its title "the source" alludes also to the author's interest in etymology and tracing the meanings of words to their Arabic origins.
Zaheer-ul-Daulah Artuk Beg, known as Artuk Bey, was a Turkoman commander of the Seljuk Empire in the 11th century, chief of the Oghuz tribe of Döğer, and eponymous founder of the Artuqid dynasty. His father's name was Eksük. He was the Seljuk governor of Jerusalem between 1085–1091. Although the Artuqid dynasty was named after him, actually the dynasty was founded by his sons Sökmen and Ilghazi after his death. He was also father to Alp-Yaruq, Bahram, Abd al-Jabar, and three other sons.
Taj Al-ʿArus min Jawahir Al-Qamus is an Arabic language dictionary written by the Egyptian scholar Murtada al-Zabēdē, one of the foremost philologists of the Arab post-classical era. The monumental dictionary contains around 120,000 definitions, and is an expansion of Fairuzabadi's earlier Qamus Al-Muhit and Ibn Manzur's Lisan al-Arab. Begun in 1760, when al-Zabidi was 29 years old, the dictionary took him fourteen years to complete; he concluded it on the eighth of September 1774.
Muhit Al-Muhit is an early modern Arabic dictionary written by the Lebanese polymath Butrus al-Bustani (1819–1883), one of the leading figures of the Nahda.