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This is a list of currently active separatist movements in Europe. Separatism often refers to full political secession, [1] [2] [3] though separatist movements may seek nothing more than greater autonomy or to be recognised as a national minority. [4]
What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:
Under each region listed is one or more of the following:
Various ethnic groups in Europe are seeking greater autonomy or independence. In the European Union (EU), several of these groups are members of the European Free Alliance (EFA). In some cases, the group seeks to unify into a different state – in cases where this does not involve the creation of a new state entity, this is considered to be irredentism. Analogous irredentist movements are included in the list of active irredentist movements.
Territory of the short-lived Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic
Flanders or Flemish Community (the latter includes Brussels-Capital Region)
Wallonia or French Community of Belgium (the latter includes Brussels-Capital Region)
Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia
The northeastern 1/3 territory of island of Cyprus
Minor Movements
French Basque Country/ Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Historic Brittany, comprising Brittany (administrative region) and Loire-Atlantique
Northern Catalonia/Pyrénées-Orientales
Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia
Territory of the former South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast
Transylvania and Banat [160]
Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol
Republic of Kalmykia [190] [191] [192]
Image Note: Republic of Vojvodina within federalized Serbia, proposed by the League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina in 1999 – the map also includes an autonomous Sandžak, Kosovo and the metropolitan area of Belgrade as a distinctive administrative unit as well
Southern Slovakia:
Basque Country (autonomous community) and Navarre
Jura region
Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol
Donetsk Oblast, Luhansk Oblast
Russian-occupied Zaporizhzhia Oblast, Russian-occupied Kherson Oblast, Russian-occupied Kharkiv Oblast [229]
Carpathian Ruthenia [231] [232] [233] [234]
Cynon Valley [ dubious ]
The European Free Alliance (EFA) is a European political party that consists of various regionalist, separatist and ethnic minority political parties in Europe. Member parties advocate either for full political independence and sovereignty, or some form of devolution or self-governance for their country or region. The party has generally limited its membership to centre-left and left-wing parties; therefore, only a fraction of European regionalist parties are members of the EFA.
Regionalism is a political ideology that seeks to increase the political power, influence and self-determination of the people of one or more subnational regions. It focuses on the "development of a political or social system based on one or more" regions, and/or the national, normative, or economic interests of a specific region, group of regions or another subnational entity, gaining strength from or aiming to strengthen the "consciousness of and loyalty to a distinct region with a homogeneous population", similarly to nationalism. More specifically, "regionalism refers to three distinct elements: movements demanding territorial autonomy within unitary states; the organization of the central state on a regional basis for the delivery of its policies including regional development policies; political decentralization and regional autonomy".
There have been various movements within Canada for secession.
The Catalan independence movement is a social and political movement which seeks the independence of Catalonia from Spain.
The politics of Europe deals with the continually evolving politics within the continent of Europe. It is a topic far more detailed than other continents due to a number of factors including the long history of nation states in the region as well as the modern day trend towards increased political unity amongst the European states.
The Silesian Autonomy Movement, abbreviated as RAŚ, is a movement officially declaring its support for the autonomy of Silesia as part of a unified Europe. The association was founded in January 1990 by Rudolf Kołodziejczyk and is based in the Polish part of Upper Silesia. RAŚ sees the Silesians as a "separate nation" rather than primarily as Poles, Germans or Czechs.
Sicilian nationalism, or Sicilianism, is a movement in the autonomous Italian region of Sicily, as well as the Sicilian diaspora, which seeks greater autonomy or outright independence from Italy, and/or promotes further inclusion of the Sicilian identity, culture, history, and linguistic variety.
Secession in China refers to several secessionist movements in the People's Republic of China. Many current separatist movements in China arise from the country's ethnic issues. Some of the factors that have created these ethnic issues include history, nationalism, economic and political disparity, religion, and other factors. China has historically had tensions between the majority Han and other minority ethnic groups, particularly in rural and border regions. Historically, other ruling ethnicities, such as the Manchu of the early-Qing dynasty, experienced ethnic issues as well.
Separatism in Russia refers to bids for secession or autonomy for certain federal subjects or areas of the Russian Federation. Historically there have been many attempts to break away from the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union but modern separatism took shape in Russia after the Dissolution of the Soviet Union and the annexation of Crimea. Separatism in modern Russia was at its biggest in the 1990s and early 2000s. The topic became relevant again after the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. The primary causes of separatism are nationalism in the republics, economic dependency, and geographic isolation. The promotion of separatism is illegal in Russia.
The Silesian Separatist Movement is a minor Silesian party that advocates for Silesian independence from Poland. The party was founded on 19 March 2007 by Silesian activists Dariusz Jerczyński, Grzegorz Kot and Marcela Tampa. The party is affiliated with a Silesian regionalist organisation People of the Silesian Nation and the Silesian Autonomy Movement, and Grzegorz Kot ran for the Senate of Poland in the 2007 Polish parliamentary election on behalf of this party. Silesian Separatist Movement lists "national and territorial separation of Silesia from Poland" and "the sanctioning of Silesian nationality" as its main goals. According to its program, the party is dedicated to the concept of an independent Silesian state in tradition of interwar Silesian movements such as Silesian People's Party (1908-1938) and the Union of Upper Silesians (1919-1924), which wanted to realise this concept.
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