List of kanji radicals by frequency

Last updated

This is a simplified table of Japanese kanji visual components (graphemes) that does away with all the archaic forms found in the Japanese version of the Kangxi radicals.

Contents

The 214 Kanji radicals are technically classifiers as they are not always etymologically correct, [1] but since linguistics uses that word in the sense of "classifying" nouns (such as in counter words), dictionaries commonly call the kanji components radicals. As dictionaries have moved from textbooks to interactive screens, the term "radicals" seems to now be used for any kanji component used in a visual search.

Most common radicals

There are two readings for a kanji: On'yomi and Kun'yomi. On'yomi is a reading derived from the Chinese way of reading, Kun'yomi is the original Japanese reading.

The six radicals that occur the most frequently [2] (in order of frequency) [3] and make up 25% of the 2136 Jōyō kanji:


  • 口 (くち) (3 strokes)
mouth, opening (not to be confused with box radical 囗)

Kun: くち

On: コウ、 ク


  • 水/氵 (みず) (4/3 strokes)
water

Kun: みず、 みず-

On: スイ


  • 木 (き) (4 strokes)
tree

Kun: き、 こ-

On: ボク、 モク


  • 人/亻 (ひと) (2 strokes)
person, human

Kun: ひと、 -り、 -と

On: ジン、 ニン


  • 手/扌 (て) (4 strokes)
hand

Kun: て、 て-、 -て、 た-

On: シュ、 ズ


  • 心/忄/⺗ (こころ) (4 strokes)
heart radical, spirit, mind

Kun: こころ、 -ごころ

On: シン


Fourteen radicals that together with the above make up 50% of Jōyō kanji:


  • 言 (こと) (7 strokes)
word, say, speech / to speak

Kun: い.う、 こと

On: ゲン、 ゴン


  • 日 (ひ, ニチ) (4 strokes)
sun, day, Sunday, time, counter for days

Kun: ひ、 -び、 -か

On: ニチ、 ジツ


  • 糸 (いと) (6 strokes)
silk/thread

Kun: いと

On: シ


  • 幺 (いとがしら) (3 strokes)
(a variant of ⽷) short thread radical

Kun: ちいさい

On: ヨウ


  • 肉 (にく) (6 strokes)
meat/organ, flesh

Kun: しし

On: ニク


  • 月 (つき) (4 strokes)
moon, month, Monday, period, counter for months

Kun: つき

On: ゲツ、 ガツ


  • 土 (つち) (3 strokes)
ground, soil, earth, ground, Turkey

Kun: つち

On: ド、 ト


  • ⻌ (しんにょう) (3 strokes)
(a variant of ⾡) go/road radical, walk, to advance


  • 艹 (艸/草/くさ) (3 strokes)
grass/plant radical


  • 宀 (屋根/やね, ウ/ウ冠/うかんむり) (3 strokes)
roof/crown radical, roof (house), shaped crown

On: ベン、 メン


  • 貝 (かい) (7 strokes)
shell, property, wealth

Kun: かい

On: バイ


  • 女 (おんな, ジョ) (3 strokes)
woman / female

Kun: おんな、 め

On: ジョ、 ニョ、 ニョウ


  • 阝 (⻖/阜/こざと) (⻏/邑/おおざと) (3 strokes)
wall/hill/village radical (left side)  large village radical (right side) place, left village radical, country, city

Kun: こざと


  • 金 (かね/キン) (8 strokes)
gold/metal, mineral

Kun: かね、 かな-、 -がね

On: キン、 コン、 ゴン

Thirty-one radicals that together with the above make up 75% of Jōyō kanji:


  • 一 (イチ/いち) (1 stroke)
one

Kun: ひと-、 ひと.つ

On: イチ、 イツ


  • 刀/刂 (かたな, トウ) (2 strokes)
knife, sword

Kun: かたな、 そり

On: トウ

Variants: 刂 (つくり) right side of the kanji


  • 十 (ジュウ, と) (2 strokes)
ten, complete

Kun: とお、 と、 そ

On: ジュウ、 ジッ、 ジュッ


  • 田 (た, デン) (5 strokes)
rice field / rice paddy

Kun: た

On: デン

Variants: 田 (へん) left side of the kanji



  • 火/灬 (ひ, カ) (4 strokes)
fire

Kun: ひ、 -び、 ほ-

On: カ

Variants: 火 (へん), 灬 (あし) left side of the kanji, bottom of the kanji


  • 大 (おお, ダイ) (3 strokes)
big, very

Kun: おお-、 おお.きい、 -おお.いに

On: ダイ、 タイ


  • 山 (やま, サン) (3 strokes)
mountain

Kun: やま

On: サン、 セン

Variants: 山 (へん), かんむり left side of the kanji, top of kanji



  • 食 / 飠 (しょく) (9 strokes)
eat, food, to eat

Kun: く.う、 く.らう、 た.べる、 は.む

On: ショク、 ジキ

Variants: 食=飠 (へん) left side of the kanji


  • 車 (くるま) (7 strokes)
vehicle, cart, car, wheel

Kun: くるま

On: シャ

Variants: 車 (へん) left side of the kanji



  • 彳 (行人/ぎょうにん) (3 strokes)
walking/going person radical , stop, linger, loiter, ,step, stride, street, to go

Kun: たたず.む

On: テキ

Variants: 彳 (へん), ⾏ (かまえ) left side of the kanji, enclose the kanji



  • 目 (め) (5 strokes)
eye radical, class, look, insight, experience, care favor

Kun: め、 -め、 ま-

On: モク、 ボク

Variants: 目 (へん), 目 (かんむり), left side of the kanji, top of kanji


  • 雨 (あめ) (8 strokes)
rain

Kun: あめ、 あま-、 -さめ

On: ウ

Variants: 雨 (かんむり)  top of kanji



  • 犬 / 犭 (いぬ, ケン) (4/3 strokes)
dog

Kun: いぬ、 いぬ-

On: ケン

Variants: 犭 (へん) left side of the kanji


  • 王 (おう) (4 strokes)
king radical, rule, magnate

On: オウ、 -ノウ


  • 玉 (たま) (5 strokes)
ball, jewel / jewelry

Kun: たま、 たま-、 -だま

On: ギョク


  • 石 (いし) (5 strokes)
stone

Kun: いし

On: セキ、 シャク、 コク

Variants: 石 (へん) left side of the kanji


  • 力 (ちから) (2 strokes)
power radical, strength, strong, strain, bear up, exert

Kun: ちから

On: リョク、 リキ、 リイ


  • 衣/衤 (ころも) (6/5 strokes)
garment, clothing / clothes, dressing

Kun: ころも、 きぬ、 -ぎ

On: イ、 エ

Variants: 石=衤(へん) left side of the kanji


  • 弓 (ゆみ) (3 strokes)
bow ( in archery, violin )

Kun: ゆみ

On: キュウ

Variants: 弓(へん) left side of the kanji


  • 竹/⺮ (たけ) (6 strokes)
bamboo

Kun: たけ

On: チク

Variants: ⺮ (かんむり) on the top of kanji


  • 又 (また) (2 strokes)
again, right hand, on the other hand

Kun: また、 また-、 また.の-

On: ユウ


  • ⽁ / 攵 (のぶん) (4 strokes)
action radical, folding chair radical, strike, activity, to strike, hit

On: ホク

Variants: ⽁ (つくり), 攵 (つくり) on the right side of the kanji


  • 夂 (ふゆがしら) (3 strokes)
winter radical, to follow, late, delayed

Kun: しゅう

On: チ


  • 示/礻 (しめす) (5/4 strokes)
show on an altar radical, altar, festival, religious service, indicate, point out, express, display

Kun: しめ.す

On: ジ、 シ

Variants: 示=礻 (へん) the left side of the kanji


  • 酉 (とり) (7 strokes)
bird radical, wine / alcohol, sake jar, bird, west, sign of the bird, 5-7PM, tenth sign of Chinese zodiac

Kun: とり

On: ユウ

Variants: 酉 (へん) left side of the kanji


  • 囗 (くに) (3 strokes)

(not to be confused with mouth radical 口)

box, or enclosure radical

On: イ、 コク

Variants: 囗 = (かまえ) enclose the kanji
  • 禾 (いね) (5 strokes)
grain radical, two-branch tree radical

Kun: いね

On: カ

Variants: 禾 = (へん) left side of the kanji


  • 广 (間/ま) (3 strokes)
building / house on a cliff radical, slanting roof

On: ゲン

Variants: 广 = (たれ) Radicals which "hang down"


  • 疒 (病/やまい) (5 strokes)
sickness radical / trailing sickness radical

Kun: や.む

On: ダク、 ニャク、 ソウ、 ジョウ、 シツ

Variants: 疒 = (たれ) Radicals which "hang down"


  • 巾 (きん/はば) (3 strokes)
cloth radical, towel, hanging scroll, width,

Kun: おお.い、 ちきり、 きれ

On: キン、 フク

Variants: 巾 (へん)  left side of the kanji


  • 尸 (かたしろ, シ) (3 strokes)
flag, corpse radical, remains

Kun: かたしろ

On: シ

Variants: 尸 = (たれ) Radicals which "hang down"


  • 寸 (すん) (3 strokes)
inch (2.25 cm)/sundial, measurement, tenth of a shaku, a little, small degree radical

On: スン

Variants: 寸 (つくり) on the right side of the kanji


Table of kanji radicals

Table key

Position category:

Notes

Table

Radical Stroke count Hiragana-Romaji MeaningPositionExamples
1いち-ichione一 戸 旦
1line巾 引 中 甲 旧
1てん-tendot刃 凡 丸 丹 太 犬 丼
丿 1bend丈 久 才 万 丹 少
乙 (乚) 1おつ-otsusecond, latter乙 乞 乏 孔 屯 札 礼 宅 乱 枕 乳
1hook了 丁 才
2に-nitwo井 仁 元 示
2lid六 玄 市 夜 京
2ひと-hitohuman, person人 欠 夫 内 囚 丙 失 肉 扶 快 決
2human, person仏 化 付 代 他 仕 休 位 作 体 住 何 花 信
𠆢 2person (人); (入; roof)介 今 合 全 会 谷
2いる-iruenter入 込
2はち-hachieight; divide八 分 公 谷 沿 松 俗 盆 翁 紛容 益 粉 浴 挙 訟 欲 船 雰 裕 鉛 溶 寡 総 嬢
2animal legs六 穴 呉 兵 貝 洪 唄 冥 浜 財 員 棋 貿 貸 買 賛 質 興
2human legs児 兄 四 見
2grass, plant; horns平 半 羊 岡 前 首 南
2ice次 冶 冷
2container, open mouth
2box
2upside down box円 冊 再 同
2cover売 学 骨 常
2つくえ-tsukuedesk, table
2きゅう-kyūnine
2ちから-chikarapower, force
2かたな-katanaknife, sword
2knife, sword割 利 前
2の-no秀 透 携 誘 /及
2wrap, embrace与 勾 匂 欠 巧 句 包 号 写 旬 朽 汚 考 均 泡 抱 拘 易 的 物
2knife, sword危 争 色 角 免 浄 急 負 陥 逸 亀 喚 換 象 像 静 衡 艶
2ま-ma. Katakana勇 通 湧 痛 踊 疑 凝 擬 /予
2さじ-sajispoon; (七 = seven)七 匂 化 切 叱 北 旨 死 花 虎 背
2じゅう-jūten, complete
2うらない-uranaidivination
2また-mataagain, right hand
2む-muprivate
卩 (㔾) 2seal厄 犯 令 危 印 服 卵 命 報
2cliff
广 3on a cliff序 店 府
3くち-kuchimouth, opening口 古 可 名 君 否 呉 告 周 味 命 和 哲 唐 善 器
3enclosure四 回
3つち-tsuchiearth土 地
3さむらい-samuraischolar, bachelor
3go
3ゆうべ-yūbeevening, sunset夕 外 多 夜
3沈 枕 就 蹴 /尤 无
3だい-daibig, very大 天
3おんな-onnawoman, female
3こ-kochild, seed
3roof
3すん-sunthumb, sundial degree
3ちいさい-chīsaismall, insignificant小 少
⺌ (⺍) 3small, insignificant当 光 鎖 巣 桜 獣 単 脳 悩 厳
3short thread幻 幼
3corpse尺 局
3やま-yamamountain山 岡 岩 島
3かわ-kawariver川 州 巡
3たくみ-takumiwork工 左 差
3おのれ-onoreoneself(己 巳)
3な・くす-nakusudead, gone亡 妄 忙 忘 盲 荒 望 慌 網
3はば-habaturban, scarf市 布 帝 常
3ほし-hoshidry平 年
3two hands, twenty
3long stride
⻌ (辶) 3walk巡 迎 通 追 逃 迎 進
3地 池 他 施
3ceremony, shoot, arrow
3ゆみ-yumibow弓 引
3pig snout
3hair, bristle, stubble, beard杉 形 参 珍 修 彫 惨 彩 診 須 髪 彰 影 膨 顔 鬱
3step役 彼 後 得 徳
3water泳 決 治 海 演 漢 瀬
丬 (爿) 3split wood北 壮 状 荘 背 将 装 寝 奨
3dog犯 狂 狙
3hand持 掛 打 批 技 抱 押
3grass, vegetation共 花 英 苦 草 茶 落 幕 靴 薬
3mound (-left)阪 防 阻 院 陳
3town (-right)那 邦 郎 部 郭 都
3heart忙 快 怪 怖 性 恒 恨 悔 悟 悩 悦 惨 悼 惧 惜 情 愉 惰 慌 慄 慨 慎 憎 慢 慣
4こころ-kokoroheart心 必 芯 忍 忌 忘 志 応 泌 忠 念 怒 怠 怨 急 思 恭 恥 恐 恋 恵 恣 秘 恩 息
4spear, halberd成 式 弐 戦
4と-todoor, house戸 戻 所
4て-tehand手 挙
4のぶん-nobunnaction, whip
4ぶん-bunnscript, literature
4dipper, measuring scoop
4きん-kinnaxe
4ほう-hōway, square, raft方 放 旅 族
4にち-nichisun, day日 白 百 明 的 映 時 晩
4つき-tsukimoon, month; body, flesh有 服 青 朝
4き-kitree木 板 相 根 森 楽 機 末 本 杉 林
4けつ-ketsuyawn, lack歌 欧
4とめる-tomerustop止 正 歩
4death, decay死 列
4るまた-rumataweapon, lance役 投 殴
4do not毎 梅
4くらべる-kuraberucompare, compete皆 昆
4け-kefur, hair
4うじ-ujiclan氏 民 紙
4steam, breath汽 気
4みず-mizuwater水 永
4ひ-hifire火 灯
4fire焦 然 煮
⺤ (爪) 4つめ-tsumeclaw, nail, talon爪 妥 采 乳 受 浮 将 渓 淫 彩 授 採 菜 援 揺 媛 奨 暖 愛 稲 緩 謡 穏 曖 爵
4ちち-chichifather
4うし-ushicow牛 告 牧 物 特 解
4いぬ-inudog犬 献 獣
4おう-ōking王 玉 主 国 弄 皇 理 差 聖
4altar, display礼 社 神 視 福
4old
4do not
4ご-gofive
4cylinder with a trailing tail色 把 肥
4もと-motobase, origin
4せい-seiwell
4よ-yobeforehand, previously予 序 野 預 /
4トン-ton屯 純 鈍 頓
5あまい-amaisweet甘 甚 某 勘 紺 基 欺 堪 棋 媒 期 旗 謀
5うまれる-umarerulife牲 甥
5よう-yōuse
5た-tafield田 町 思 留 略 番
5ひき-hikismall animal; bolt of cloth
5sickness病 症 痛 癖
5footsteps発 登
5しろ-shirowhite的 皆 皇
5けがわ-kegawaskin披 彼 波
5さら-saradish
5め-meeye目 見 具 省 眠 眼 観 覧
5や-yaarrow医 族
5いし-ishistone石 岩 砂 破 碑
5しめす-shimesualtar, display示 奈 祭 禁
5のぎ-nogigrain利 私 季 和 科 香
5あな-anacave空 突
5たつ-tatsustand, erect立 音 産 翌 意 新 端 親 競
5はは-hahamother
5clothes初 被 複
5net買 罪 置 羅
5よ-yosociety, world; generation
5brush津 律 建 書 庸 健 筆 鍵
5さつ-satsu(counting) books冊 柵 倫 偏 遍 論 編 輪
6rake耐 需 端 儒
6たけ-takebamboo竹 第 筆 竿 算 答 管 筋 等 笑 箸
6こめ-komerice
6いと-itosilk
6かん-kanntin can缶 陶 鬱
6ひつじ-hitsujisheep
6はね-hanefeather, wing
6みみ-mimiear
6じ-jiself (nose=self)
6いたる-itaruarrive
6した-shitatongue
6ふね-funeboat
艮 (良) 6うしとら-ushitorastopping(?); (good)
6tiger stripes虎 虐 虚 虜 虞 戯 膚 慮 劇
6むし-mushiinsect
6ち-chiblood
6ぎょう-gyōgo, do
6ころも-koromoclothes
覀 (襾) 6にし-nishiwest西 価 要 票 煙 腰 慄 漂 遷 標 覆 覇
7しん-shinminister, official; slave (building a brick wall)
7みる-mirusee
7つの-tsunohorn
7こと-kotospeech
7たに-tanivalley
7まめ-mamebean
7いのこ-inokopig
7かい-kaishell
7あし-ashifoot
7み-mibody
7くるま-kurumacart, car
7からい-karaispicy, bitter
7たつ-tatsudragon; morning
7とり-toriwine, alcohol
7さと-satovillage, mile
7あか-akared赤 赦 跡 嚇 繊
7そう-sōrace走 赴 徒 起 越 超 趣
8かね-kanemetal, gold
8ながい-nagai; ちょう-chyōlong, grow; leader
8もん-mongate
8ふるとり-furutorismall bird
8あめ-amerain
8あお-aoblue, green
8おか-okahill岡 剛 綱 鋼
8めん-menndismissal免 勉 逸 晩
8せい-seiChinese Qi kingdom斉 剤 斎 済
9おと-otosound
9おおがい-ōgaibig shell
9しょく-shyokueat, food
9くび-kubineck, head
9ひん-hinitem
10うま-umahorse
10たかい-takaitall, high
11base, stem嫡 滴 摘 適 敵
12む-munothing無 舞

Other combinations

Variations of this table

Many other combinations could realistically be called a simplified table of kanji radicals, here are a few examples.

Entries with an upside-down exclamation mark (¡) are possibly made up "radicals," meaning only one online dictionary was found to use them (Tangorin Online).

Possible additions: (Note that the examples below show all the jōyō kanji examples)

List of radicals that form common jōyō kanji and are a part of the Table of Japanese kanji radicals page but do not appear here. All jōyō kanji examples for each radical are listed.

Radicals ordered by frequency

With frequency considered to be the amount of kanji where the radical or its variants can be found as a visual component. [4]

List of kanji radicals by frequency
, , 丿/, , , , //, , , , , , ///, , , , , //, , /, , , , , , //𠂉/𠆢, , , , , /, , , , , , , , , , , //, , , //, , , , , , , , , /, /, /, 广, , , , , , , //, , , , , , , /, , , , , , , /, , , •⻏, , , , , ⻖•, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 西//, , , , , , /, , , , /, /, , , , , /, , , , /, , , , , , , , //, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

The 79 Radicals

A simplification used in "The Kanji Dictionary", [5] "The Learner's Kanji Dictionary," "Japanese, Chinese, and Korean Surnames and How to Read Them", and in "Kanji & Kana." [6]

See also

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A Chinese radical or indexing component is a graphical component of a Chinese character under which the character is traditionally listed in a Chinese dictionary. This component is often a semantic indicator similar to a morpheme, though sometimes it may be a phonetic component or even an artificially extracted portion of the character. In some cases the original semantic or phonological connection has become obscure, owing to changes in character meaning or pronunciation over time.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stroke order</span> Order in which the strokes of a Chinese character are traditionally written

Stroke order is the order in which the strokes of a Chinese character are written. A stroke is a movement of a writing instrument on a writing surface. Chinese characters are used in various forms in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean. They are known as Hanzi in (Mandarin) Chinese, kanji in Japanese (かんじ), and Hanja in Korean (한자).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kangxi radical</span> System of radicals of Chinese characters

The 214 Kangxi radicals, also known as the Zihui radicals, form a system of radicals of Chinese characters. The radicals are numbered in stroke count order. They are the most popular system of radicals for dictionaries that order Traditional Chinese characters by radical and stroke count. They are officially part of the Unicode encoding system for CJK characters, in their standard order, under the coding block "Kangxi radicals", while their graphic variants are contained in the "CJK Radicals Supplement". Thus, a reference to "radical 61", for example, without additional context, refers to the 61st radical of the Kangxi Dictionary, ; xīn "heart".

Shinjitai are the simplified forms of kanji used in Japan since the promulgation of the Tōyō Kanji List in 1946. Some of the new forms found in shinjitai are also found in Simplified Chinese characters, but shinjitai is generally not as extensive in the scope of its modification.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ryakuji</span>

In Japanese language, Ryakuji are colloquial simplifications of kanji.

Hyōgaiji, also known as hyōgai kanji (表外漢字), is a term for Japanese kanji outside the two major lists of jōyō kanji, which are taught in primary and secondary school, and the jinmeiyō kanji, which are additional kanji that are officially allowed for use in personal names. The term jōyōgai kanji (常用外漢字) is also encountered but it designates all the kanji outside the list of jōyō kanji, including the jinmeiyō kanji.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Radical 5</span> Kangxi radical

Radical 5 or radical second (乙部) meaning "second" is one of 6 of the 214 Kangxi radicals that are composed of only one stroke. However, this radical is mainly used to categorize miscellaneous characters otherwise not belonging to any radical, mainly featuring a hook or fold, and 乙 is the character with the least amount of strokes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Radical 140</span>

Radical 140 or radical grass (艸部) meaning "grass" is one of 29 of the 214 Kangxi radicals that are composed of 6 strokes. It transforms into when appearing at the top of a character or component. In the Kangxi Dictionary and in modern standard Traditional Chinese as used in Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau, 艹 consists of four strokes, while in Simplified Chinese and modern Japanese, 艹 consists of three strokes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Radical 113</span>

Radical 113 or radical spirit (示部) meaning ancestor or veneration is number 113 out of the 214 Kangxi radicals. It is one of the 23 radicals composed of 5 strokes. When appearing at the left side of a character, the radical transforms into in modern Chinese and Japanese jōyō kanji.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Radical 29</span> Chinese character radical

Radical 29 or radical again (又部) meaning "and", "again" or "right hand" is one of the 23 Kangxi radicals composed of two strokes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Radical 63</span> Chinese character radical

Radical 63 or radical door (戶部) meaning "door" is one of the 34 Kangxi radicals composed of 4 strokes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Radical 92</span> Simplified Chinese character radical

Radical 92 or radical fang (牙部) meaning "tooth" or "fang" is one of the 34 Kangxi radicals composed of 4 strokes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Radical 95</span> Chinese character radical

Radical 95 or radical profound (玄部) meaning "dark" or "profound" is one of the 23 Kangxi radicals composed of 5 strokes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Radical 162</span> Chinese character radical

Radical 162 or radical walk (辵部) meaning "walk" is one of the 20 Kangxi radicals composed of 7 strokes. When used as a component, this radical character transforms into ⻍, ⻌, or ⻎.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Radical 184</span>

Radical 184 or radical eat (食部) meaning "eat" or "food" is one of the 11 Kangxi radicals composed of 9 strokes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Radical 188</span>

Radical 188 or radical bone (骨部) meaning "bone" is one of the 8 Kangxi radicals composed of 10 strokes.

References

  1. Free Online Kanji Radical Dictionary. KanjiNetworks. Retrieved on 2015-05-12.
  2. Introduction to Japanese kanji!. KANJI-Link. Retrieved on 2015-05-12.
  3. Kanjidamage. Kanjidamage. Retrieved on 2015-05-12.
  4. "RADKFILE/KRADFILE". EDRDG. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
  5. Wolfgang Hadamitzky; Kimiko Fujie-Winter (15 April 1996). 漢字熟語字典. Tuttle Publishing. pp. 2–. ISBN   978-0-8048-2058-5.
  6. Radical tables. Hadamitzky.de. Retrieved on 2015-05-12.