The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC or FCCC) is an international environmental treaty negotiated at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), informally known as the Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992. The objective of the treaty is to "stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system". [1]
The treaty itself set no binding limits on greenhouse gas emissions for individual countries and contains no enforcement mechanisms. In that sense, the treaty is considered legally non-binding. Instead, the treaty provides a framework for negotiating specific international treaties (called "protocols") that may set binding limits on greenhouse gases.
The UNFCCC was opened for signature on 9 May 1992, after an Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee produced the text of the Framework Convention as a report following its meeting in New York from 30 April to 9 May 1992. It entered into force on 21 March 1994. As of July 2022, UNFCCC has 198 parties.
As of 2022, the UNFCCC has 198 parties including all United Nations member states, United Nations General Assembly observers the State of Palestine and the Holy See, UN non-member states Niue and the Cook Islands, and the supranational union European Union. [2] [3]
Parties to the UNFCCC are classified as:
Like minded parties group themselves in negotiation blocks, who oftentimes take common positions. 12 parties do not belong to any block.
State [3] [10] | Classification [4] [11] | Signature | Ratification | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | June 12, 1992 | September 19, 2002 | ||
![]() | October 3, 1994 | |||
![]() | June 13, 1992 | June 9, 1993 | ||
![]() | March 2, 2011 | |||
![]() | June 14, 1992 | May 17, 2000 | ||
![]() | June 4, 1992 | February 2, 1993 | ||
![]() | June 12, 1992 | March 11, 1994 | ||
![]() | June 13, 1992 | May 14, 1993 | ||
![]() | Annex I, II | June 4, 1992 | December 30, 1992 | |
![]() | Annex I, II | June 8, 1992 | February 28, 1994 | |
![]() | June 12, 1992 | May 16, 1995 | ||
![]() | June 12, 1992 | March 29, 1994 | ||
![]() | June 8, 1992 | December 28, 1994 | ||
![]() | June 9, 1992 | April 15, 1994 | ||
![]() | June 12, 1992 | March 23, 1994 | ||
![]() | Annex I, EIT | June 11, 1992 | May 11, 2000 | |
![]() | Annex I, II | June 4, 1992 | January 16, 1996 | |
![]() | June 13, 1992 | October 31, 1994 | ||
![]() | June 13, 1992 | June 30, 1994 | ||
![]() | June 11, 1992 | August 25, 1995 | ||
![]() | June 10, 1992 | October 3, 1994 | ||
![]() | September 7, 2000 | |||
![]() | June 12, 1992 | January 27, 1994 | ||
![]() | June 4, 1992 | February 28, 1994 | ||
![]() | August 7, 2007 | |||
![]() | Annex I, EIT | June 5, 1992 | May 12, 1995 | |
![]() | June 12, 1992 | September 2, 1993 | ||
![]() | June 11, 1992 | January 6, 1997 | ||
![]() | December 18, 1995 | |||
![]() | June 14, 1992 | October 19, 1994 | ||
![]() | Annex I, II | June 12, 1992 | December 4, 1992 | |
![]() | June 12, 1992 | March 29, 1995 | ||
![]() | June 13, 1992 | March 10, 1995 | ||
![]() | June 12, 1992 | June 7, 1994 | ||
![]() | June 13, 1992 | December 22, 1994 | ||
![]() | June 11, 1992 | January 5, 1993 | Applies to Macao, extended by Portugal on 28 June 1999. Application remained in force after transfer of sovereignty to China. Applies to Hong Kong from 8 April 2003. | |
![]() | June 13, 1992 | March 22, 1995 | ||
![]() | June 11, 1992 | October 31, 1994 | ||
![]() | June 11, 1992 | January 9, 1995 | ||
![]() | June 12, 1992 | October 14, 1996 | ||
![]() | June 12, 1992 | April 20, 1993 | ||
![]() | June 13, 1992 | August 26, 1994 | ||
![]() | June 10, 1992 | November 29, 1994 | ||
![]() | Annex I, EIT | June 11, 1992 | April 8, 1996 | At its request, added to Annex I as an EIT by an amendment which entered into force in 1998. [11] [12] [13] |
![]() | June 13, 1992 | January 5, 1994 | ||
![]() | Annex I | June 12, 1992 | October 15, 1997 | At its request, added to Annex I by an amendment which entered into force in 2013. [11] [14] [15] |
![]() | Annex I, EIT [lower-alpha 1] | June 18, 1993 | October 7, 1993 | At its request, replaced Czechoslovakia in Annex I as an EIT by an amendment which entered into force in 1998. [11] [12] [13] |
![]() | Annex I, II | June 9, 1992 | December 21, 1993 | Including Faroe Islands and Greenland |
![]() | June 12, 1992 | August 27, 1995 | ||
![]() | June 21, 1993 | |||
![]() | June 12, 1992 | October 7, 1998 | ||
![]() | June 9, 1992 | February 23, 1993 | ||
![]() | June 9, 1992 | December 5, 1994 | ||
![]() | June 13, 1992 | December 4, 1995 | ||
![]() | August 16, 2000 | |||
![]() | April 24, 1995 | |||
![]() | Annex I, EIT | June 12, 1992 | July 27, 1994 | |
![]() | June 12, 1992 | October 7, 1996 | ||
![]() | June 10, 1992 | April 5, 1994 | ||
![]() | Annex I, II | June 13, 1992 | December 21, 1993 | Ratified as the European Economic Community. |
![]() | October 9, 1992 | February 25, 1993 | ||
![]() | Annex I, II | June 4, 1992 | May 3, 1994 | |
![]() | Annex I, II | June 13, 1992 | March 25, 1994 | |
![]() | June 12, 1992 | January 21, 1998 | ||
![]() | June 12, 1992 | June 10, 1994 | ||
![]() | July 29, 1994 | |||
![]() | Annex I, II | June 12, 1992 | December 9, 1993 | |
![]() | June 12, 1992 | September 6, 1995 | ||
![]() | Annex I, II | June 12, 1992 | August 4, 1994 | |
![]() | December 3, 1992 | August 11, 1994 | ||
![]() | June 13, 1992 | December 15, 1995 | ||
![]() | June 12, 1992 | May 7, 1993 | ||
![]() | June 12, 1992 | October 27, 1995 | ||
![]() | June 13, 1992 | August 29, 1994 | ||
![]() | June 13, 1992 | September 25, 1996 | ||
![]() | July 6, 2022 | |||
![]() | June 13, 1992 | October 19, 1995 | ||
![]() | Annex I, EIT | June 13, 1992 | February 24, 1994 | |
![]() | Annex I, II | June 4, 1992 | June 16, 1993 | |
![]() | June 10, 1992 | November 1, 1993 | ||
![]() | June 5, 1992 | August 23, 1994 | ||
![]() | June 14, 1992 | July 18, 1996 | ||
![]() | July 28, 2009 | |||
![]() | Annex I, II | June 13, 1992 | April 20, 1994 | |
![]() | June 4, 1992 | June 4, 1996 | ||
![]() | Annex I, II | June 5, 1992 | April 15, 1994 | |
![]() | June 12, 1992 | January 6, 1995 | ||
![]() | Annex I, II | June 13, 1992 | May 28, 1993 | |
![]() | June 11, 1992 | November 12, 1993 | ||
![]() | [lower-alpha 1] [lower-alpha 3] | June 8, 1992 | May 17, 1995 | |
![]() | June 12, 1992 | August 30, 1994 | ||
![]() | June 13, 1992 | February 7, 1995 | ||
![]() | June 11, 1992 | December 5, 1994 | ||
![]() | June 13, 1992 | December 14, 1993 | ||
![]() | December 28, 1994 | |||
![]() | May 25, 2000 | |||
![]() | January 4, 1995 | |||
![]() | Annex I, EIT | June 11, 1992 | March 23, 1995 | |
![]() | June 12, 1992 | December 15, 1994 | ||
![]() | June 11, 1992 | February 7, 1995 | ||
![]() | June 12, 1992 | November 5, 2002 | ||
![]() | June 29, 1992 | June 14, 1999 | ||
![]() | Annex I | June 4, 1992 | June 22, 1994 | At its request, added to Annex I by an amendment which entered into force in 1998. [11] [12] [13] |
![]() | Annex I, EIT | June 11, 1992 | March 24, 1995 | |
![]() | Annex I, II | June 9, 1992 | May 9, 1994 | |
![]() | January 28, 1998 | |||
![]() | June 10, 1992 | June 2, 1999 | ||
![]() | June 10, 1992 | April 21, 1994 | ||
![]() | June 9, 1993 | July 13, 1994 | ||
![]() | June 12, 1992 | November 9, 1992 | ||
![]() | September 30, 1992 | December 28, 1994 | ||
![]() | Annex I | June 12, 1992 | March 17, 1994 | At its request, added to Annex I by an amendment which entered into force in 2010. [11] [20] |
![]() | June 12, 1992 | October 8, 1992 | ||
![]() | June 12, 1992 | January 20, 1994 | ||
![]() | June 10, 1992 | September 4, 1992 | ||
![]() | June 13, 1992 | March 11, 1993 | ||
![]() | June 12, 1992 | November 18, 1993 | ||
![]() | June 12, 1992 | June 9, 1995 | ||
![]() | Annex I [lower-alpha 1] | June 11, 1992 | November 20, 1992 | At its request, added to Annex I by an amendment which entered into force in 1998. [11] [12] [13] |
![]() | June 12, 1992 | September 30, 1993 | ||
![]() | October 23, 2006 | |||
![]() | June 13, 1992 | December 28, 1995 | ||
![]() | June 12, 1992 | August 25, 1995 | ||
![]() | June 11, 1992 | November 25, 1994 | ||
![]() | June 12, 1992 | May 16, 1995 | ||
![]() | June 8, 1992 | November 11, 1993 | ||
![]() | June 12, 1992 | May 2, 1994 | ||
![]() | Annex I, II | June 4, 1992 | December 20, 1993 | Excluding Aruba, Curaçao, Caribbean Netherlands and Sint Maarten |
![]() | Annex I, II | June 4, 1992 | September 16, 1993 | |
![]() | June 13, 1992 | October 31, 1995 | ||
![]() | June 11, 1992 | July 25, 1995 | ||
![]() | June 13, 1992 | August 29, 1994 | ||
![]() | February 28, 1996 | |||
![]() | Annex I, II | June 4, 1992 | July 9, 1993 | |
![]() | June 11, 1992 | February 8, 1995 | ||
![]() | June 13, 1992 | June 1, 1994 | ||
![]() | December 10, 1999 | |||
![]() | December 18, 2015 | |||
![]() | March 18, 1993 | May 23, 1995 | ||
![]() | June 13, 1992 | March 16, 1993 | ||
![]() | June 12, 1992 | February 24, 1994 | ||
![]() | June 12, 1992 | June 7, 1993 | ||
![]() | June 12, 1992 | August 2, 1994 | ||
![]() | Annex I, EIT | June 5, 1992 | July 28, 1994 | |
![]() | Annex I, II | June 13, 1992 | December 21, 1993 | |
![]() | April 18, 1996 | |||
![]() | Annex I, EIT | June 5, 1992 | June 8, 1994 | |
![]() | Annex I, EIT | June 13, 1992 | December 28, 1994 | |
![]() | June 10, 1992 | August 18, 1998 | ||
![]() | June 12, 1992 | January 7, 1993 | ||
![]() | June 14, 1993 | June 14, 1993 | ||
![]() | December 2, 1996 | |||
![]() | June 12, 1992 | November 29, 1994 | ||
![]() | June 10, 1992 | October 28, 1994 | ||
![]() | June 12, 1992 | September 29, 1999 | ||
![]() | December 28, 1994 | |||
![]() | June 13, 1992 | October 17, 1994 | ||
![]() | March 12, 2001 | Acceded as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 2001. The FR Yugoslavia had previously signed (8 June 1992) and ratified (3 September 1997) the UNFCCC, but this was not recognized by the Secretary-General of the United Nations as depositary because UN membership or membership of a UN specialized agency is a prerequisite to become party to the convention, and the succession of the FR Yugoslavia from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (and its UN membership) was disputed. [21] | ||
![]() | June 10, 1992 | September 22, 1992 | ||
![]() | February 11, 1993 | June 22, 1995 | ||
![]() | June 13, 1992 | May 29, 1997 | ||
![]() | Annex I, EIT [lower-alpha 1] | May 19, 1993 | August 25, 1994 | At its request, replaced Czechoslovakia in Annex I as an EIT by an amendment which entered into force in 1998. [11] [12] [13] |
![]() | Annex I, EIT [lower-alpha 1] | June 13, 1992 | December 1, 1995 | At its request, added to Annex I as an EIT by an amendment which entered into force in 1998. [11] [12] [13] |
![]() | June 13, 1992 | December 28, 1994 | ||
![]() | September 11, 2009 | |||
![]() | June 15, 1993 | August 29, 1997 | ||
![]() | February 17, 2014 | |||
![]() | Annex I, II | June 13, 1992 | December 21, 1993 | |
![]() | June 10, 1992 | November 23, 1993 | ||
![]() | June 9, 1992 | November 19, 1993 | ||
![]() | June 13, 1992 | October 14, 1997 | ||
![]() | Annex I, II | June 8, 1992 | June 23, 1993 | |
![]() | Annex I, II | June 12, 1992 | December 10, 1993 | |
![]() | January 4, 1996 | |||
![]() | January 7, 1998 | |||
![]() | June 12, 1992 | April 17, 1996 | ||
![]() | June 12, 1992 | December 28, 1994 | ||
![]() | October 10, 2006 | |||
![]() | June 12, 1992 | March 8, 1995 | ||
![]() | July 20, 1998 | |||
![]() | June 11, 1992 | June 24, 1994 | ||
![]() | June 13, 1992 | July 15, 1993 | ||
![]() | Annex I | February 24, 2004 | Turkey was originally listed in both Annex I and Annex II of the UNFCCC. It refused to ratify the convention, as it objected to its listing in the annexes. In 1997 a proposal was submitted that Annex I and Annex II be amended to remove Turkey. [22] [23] Though no consensus could be reached on this proposal, [17] [24] [25] a compromise was reached and an amendment that entered into force in 2002 removed Turkey from Annex II. [11] [18] [19] [26] [27] [28] | |
![]() | June 5, 1995 | |||
![]() | June 8, 1992 | October 26, 1993 | ||
![]() | June 13, 1992 | September 8, 1993 | ||
![]() | Annex I, EIT | June 11, 1992 | May 13, 1997 | |
![]() | December 29, 1995 | |||
![]() | Annex I, II | June 12, 1992 | December 8, 1993 | Including Jersey, Isle of Man, Guernsey (8 December 1993), Gibraltar (2 January 2007), Bermuda, Cayman Islands and Falkland Islands (7 March 2007). Anguilla, British Virgin Islands, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, Turks and Caicos Islands or the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia: not applied |
![]() | Annex I, II | June 12, 1992 | October 15, 1992 | |
![]() | June 4, 1992 | August 18, 1994 | ||
![]() | June 20, 1993 | |||
![]() | June 9, 1992 | March 25, 1993 | ||
![]() | June 12, 1992 | December 28, 1994 | ||
![]() | June 11, 1992 | November 16, 1994 | ||
![]() | June 12, 1992 | February 21, 1996 | ||
![]() | June 11, 1992 | May 28, 1993 | ||
![]() | June 12, 1992 | November 3, 1992 |
The Kyoto Protocol (Japanese: 京都議定書, Hepburn: Kyōto Giteisho) was an international treaty which extended the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the scientific consensus that global warming is occurring and that human-made CO2 emissions are driving it. The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11 December 1997 and entered into force on 16 February 2005. There were 192 parties (Canada withdrew from the protocol, effective December 2012) to the Protocol in 2020.
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is the UN process for negotiating an agreement to limit dangerous climate change. It is an international treaty among countries to combat "dangerous human interference with the climate system". The main way to do this is limiting the increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. It was signed in 1992 by 154 states at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), informally known as the Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro. The treaty entered into force on 21 March 1994. "UNFCCC" is also the name of the Secretariat charged with supporting the operation of the convention, with offices on the UN Campus in Bonn, Germany.
Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) is an intergovernmental organization of low-lying coastal and small island countries. AOSIS was established in 1990, ahead of the Second World Climate Conference. The main purpose of the alliance is to consolidate the voices of Small Island Developing States (SIDS) to address global warming.
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After the 2007 United Nations Climate Change Conference held on the island of Bali in Indonesia in December 2007, the participating nations adopted the Bali Road Map as a two-year process working towards finalizing a binding agreement at the 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, Denmark. The conference encompassed meetings of several bodies, including the 13th session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the third session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol.
The 2008 United Nations Climate Change Conference took place at PIF Congress Centre, Poznań International Fair (PIF), in Poznań, Poland, between December 1 and December 12, 2008. Representatives from over 180 countries attended along with observers from intergovernmental and nongovernmental organizations.
The 2010 United Nations Climate Change Conference was held in Cancún, Mexico, from 29 November to 10 December 2010. The conference is officially referred to as the 16th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP 16) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the 6th session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties (CMP 6) to the Kyoto Protocol. In addition, the two permanent subsidiary bodies of the UNFCCC — the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA) and the Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI) — held their 33rd sessions. The 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference extended the mandates of the two temporary subsidiary bodies, the Ad Hoc Working Group on Further Commitments for Annex I Parties under the Kyoto Protocol (AWG-KP) and the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention (AWG-LCA), and they met as well.
The Kyoto Protocol was an international treaty which extended the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. A number of governments across the world took a variety of actions.
The Kyoto Protocol was an international treaty which extended the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMA) refers to a set of policies and actions that countries undertake as part of a commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The term recognizes that different countries may take different nationally appropriate action on the basis of equity and in accordance with common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities. It also emphasizes financial assistance from developed countries to developing countries to reduce emissions.
The Paris Agreement is an international treaty on climate change that was adopted in 2015. The treaty covers climate change mitigation, adaptation, and finance. The Paris Agreement was negotiated by 196 parties at the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference near Paris, France. As of February 2023, 195 members of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) are parties to the agreement. Of the three UNFCCC member states which have not ratified the agreement, the only major emitter is Iran. The United States withdrew from the agreement in 2020, but rejoined in 2021.
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The United Nations Climate Change Conferences are yearly conferences held in the framework of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). They serve as the formal meeting of the UNFCCC parties – the Conference of the Parties (COP) – to assess progress in dealing with climate change, and beginning in the mid-1990s, to negotiate the Kyoto Protocol to establish legally binding obligations for developed countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. Starting in 2005 the conferences have also served as the "Conference of the Parties Serving as the Meeting of Parties to the Kyoto Protocol" (CMP); also parties to the convention that are not parties to the protocol can participate in protocol-related meetings as observers. From 2011 to 2015 the meetings were used to negotiate the Paris Agreement as part of the Durban platform, which created a general path towards climate action. Any final text of a COP must be agreed by consensus.
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The 2016 United Nations Climate Change Conference was an international meeting of political leaders and activists to discuss environmental issues. It was held in Marrakech, Morocco, on 7–18 November 2016. The conference incorporated the twenty-second Conference of the Parties (COP22), the twelfth meeting of the parties to the Kyoto Protocol (CMP12), and the first meeting of the parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA1). The purpose of the conference was to discuss and implement plans about combatting climate change and to "[demonstrate] to the world that the implementation of the Paris Agreement is underway". Participants work together to come up with global solutions to climate change.
Article 6 of the Paris Agreement on climate change enables Parties to cooperate in implementing their nationally determined contributions (NDCs). Among other things, this means that emission reductions can be transferred between countries and counted towards NDCs. Agreement on the provisions of Article 6 was reached after intensive negotiations lasting several years.
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