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Flappers were a subculture of young Western women in the 1920s who wore short skirts, bobbed their hair, listened to jazz, and flaunted their disdain for what was then considered acceptable behavior. Flappers were seen as brash for wearing excessive makeup, drinking alcohol, smoking cigarettes in public, driving automobiles, treating sex in a casual manner, and otherwise flouting social and sexual norms. As automobiles became more available, flappers gained freedom of movement and privacy.
The Roaring Twenties, sometimes stylized as Roaring '20s, refers to the 1920s decade in music and fashion, as it happened in Western society and Western culture. It was a period of economic prosperity with a distinctive cultural edge in the United States and Europe, particularly in major cities such as Berlin, Buenos Aires, Chicago, London, Los Angeles, Mexico City, New York City, Paris, and Sydney. In France, the decade was known as the années folles, emphasizing the era's social, artistic and cultural dynamism. Jazz blossomed, the flapper redefined the modern look for British and American women, and Art Deco peaked.
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Edward Perkins Channing was an American historian and an author of a monumental History of the United States in six volumes, for which he won the 1926 Pulitzer Prize for History. His thorough research in printed sources and judicious judgments made the book a standard reference for scholars for decades. Channing taught at Harvard 1883–1929 and trained many PhD's who became professors at major universities.
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Freemasonry in the United States is the history of Freemasonry as it was introduced from Britain and continues as a major secret society to the present day. It is a fraternal order that brings men and women together to gain friendship and opportunity for advancement and community progress. It has been nonpolitical except for a period around 1820 when it came under heavy attack in the Northeast. That attack reduced membership, but it recovered and grew after 1850. Growth ended in the late 20th century and membership has declined.
References
- ↑ "Lynn Dumenil | Occidental College | The Liberal Arts College in Los Angeles". www.oxy.edu. Retrieved 2017-06-30.
- ↑ "Lynn Dumenil | Authors | Macmillan". US Macmillan. Retrieved 2017-06-30.
- ↑ "Organization of American Historians: Lynn Dumenil". www.oah.org. Retrieved 2017-06-30.
- ↑ Sherrill, Rowland A. (1 March 1986). "Freemasonry and American Culture, 1880–1930 by Lynn Dumenil". Indiana Magazine of History. 82 (1): 119–120. ISSN 1942-9711 . Retrieved 29 June 2017.
- ↑ Rubin, Joan Shelley (April 1997). "LYNN DUMENIL. The Modern Temper: American Culture and Society in the 1920s" (PDF). American Historical Review: 550–551. doi:10.1086/ahr/102.2.550-a . Retrieved 29 June 2017.
- ↑ "THE MODERN TEMPER by Lynn Dumenil". Kirkus Reviews. April 15, 1995. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
- ↑ "Nonfiction Book Review: The Modern Temper: American Culture and Society in the 1920s by Lynn Dumenil". Publishers Weekly. July 3, 2000. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
- ↑ "An experts' history of Howard Zinn". Los Angeles Times. 2010-02-01. Retrieved 2020-03-07.
- ↑ Mays, Marian (February 23, 2017). "Nonfiction: Best-sellerdom, Science, Women Workers, Middle East Peace, Nature, Némirovsky | Xpress Reviews". Library Journal Reviews. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
