Mark Kryder

Last updated

Mark Howard Kryder (born October 7, 1943 in Portland, Oregon) was Seagate Corp.'s senior vice president of research and chief technology officer. [1] Kryder holds a Bachelor of Science degree in electrical engineering from Stanford University and a Ph.D. in electrical engineering and physics from the California Institute of Technology. [1]

Contents

Kryder was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 1994 for contributions to the understanding of magnetic domain behavior and for leadership in information storage research.

He is known for "Kryder's law", an observation from the mid-2000s about the increasing capacity of magnetic hard drives.

Kryder's law projection

A 2005 Scientific American article, titled "Kryder's Law", described Kryder's observation that magnetic disk areal storage density was then increasing at a rate exceeding Moore's Law. [2] The pace was then much faster than the two-year doubling time of semiconductor chip density posited by Moore's law.

Inside of a decade and a half, hard disks had increased their capacity 1,000-fold, a rate that Intel founder Gordon Moore himself has called "flabbergasting."

Kryder's Law [2]

In 2005, commodity drive density of 110 Gbit/in2 (170 Mbit/mm2) had been reached, up from 100 Mbit/in2 (155 Kbit/mm2) circa 1990. [2] This does not extrapolate back to the initial 2 kilobit/in2 (3.1 bit/mm2) drives introduced in 1956, as growth rates surged during the latter 15-year period. [2] [3]

In 2009, Kryder [4] projected that if hard drives were to continue to progress at their then-current pace of about 40% per year, then in 2020 a two-platter, 2.5-inch disk drive would store approximately 40  terabytes (TB) and cost about $40.

The validity of the Kryder's law projection of 2009 was questioned halfway into the forecast period, and some called the actual rate of areal density progress the "Kryder rate". As of 2014, the observed Kryder rate had fallen well short of the 2009 forecast of 40% per year. A single 2.5-inch platter stored around 0.3 terabytes in 2009 and this reached 0.6 terabytes in 2014. The Kryder rate over the five years ending in 2014 was around 15% per year. To reach 20 terabytes by 2020, starting in 2014, would have required an implausibly high Kryder rate of better than 80% per year. [5]

By 2019, it was observed that Kryder's law "has proven to be outdated as the cost of media storage is decreasing at a slower pace than in the past and is now stabilising." [6]

Awards and honors

Mark H. Kryder is an elected member of the National Academy of Engineering, a Fellow of the American Physical Society. [7] and a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). [1] He was Distinguished Lecturer for the IEEE Magnetics Society, and has been awarded the IEEE Magnetics Society Achievement Award and IEEE Reynold B. Johnson Information Storage Systems Award. [8] Kryder received the Pingat Bakti Masyarakat [9] from Singapore in their 2007 National Day Awards.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Disk storage</span> General category of storage mechanisms

Disk storage is a data storage mechanism based on a rotating disk. The recording employs various electronic, magnetic, optical, or mechanical changes to the disk's surface layer. A disk drive is a device implementing such a storage mechanism. Notable types are hard disk drives (HDD), containing one or more non-removable rigid platters; the floppy disk drive (FDD) and its removable floppy disk; and various optical disc drives (ODD) and associated optical disc media.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hard disk drive</span> Electro-mechanical data storage device

A hard disk drive (HDD), hard disk, hard drive, or fixed disk, is an electro-mechanical data storage device that stores and retrieves digital data using magnetic storage with one or more rigid rapidly rotating platters coated with magnetic material. The platters are paired with magnetic heads, usually arranged on a moving actuator arm, which read and write data to the platter surfaces. Data is accessed in a random-access manner, meaning that individual blocks of data can be stored and retrieved in any order. HDDs are a type of non-volatile storage, retaining stored data when powered off. Modern HDDs are typically in the form of a small rectangular box.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Superparamagnetism</span>

Superparamagnetism is a form of magnetism which appears in small ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic nanoparticles. In sufficiently small nanoparticles, magnetization can randomly flip direction under the influence of temperature. The typical time between two flips is called the Néel relaxation time. In the absence of an external magnetic field, when the time used to measure the magnetization of the nanoparticles is much longer than the Néel relaxation time, their magnetization appears to be in average zero; they are said to be in the superparamagnetic state. In this state, an external magnetic field is able to magnetize the nanoparticles, similarly to a paramagnet. However, their magnetic susceptibility is much larger than that of paramagnets.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hard disk drive platter</span> Circular disk on which magnetic data is stored in a hard disk drive

A hard disk drive platter or hard disk is the circular magnetic disk on which digital data is stored in a hard disk drive. The rigid nature of the platters is what gives them their name. Hard drives typically have several platters which are mounted on the same spindle. A platter can store information on both sides, typically requiring two recording heads per platter, one per surface.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Disk read-and-write head</span> Small, movable part of a disk drive

A disk read-and-write head is the small part of a disk drive which moves above the disk platter and transforms the platter's magnetic field into electric current or, vice versa, transforms electric current into magnetic field. The heads have gone through a number of changes over the years.

Density is a measure of the quantity of information bits that can be stored on a given length of track, area of the surface, or in a given volume of a computer storage medium. Generally, higher density is more desirable, for it allows more data to be stored in the same physical space. Density therefore has a direct relationship to storage capacity of a given medium. Density also generally affects the performance within a particular medium, as well as price.

Millipede memory is a form of non-volatile computer memory. It promised a data density of more than 1 terabit per square inch, which is about the limit of the perpendicular recording hard drives. Millipede storage technology was pursued as a potential replacement for magnetic recording in hard drives and a means of reducing the physical size of the technology to that of flash media.

Perpendicular recording, also known as conventional magnetic recording (CMR), is a technology for data recording on magnetic media, particularly hard disks. It was first proven advantageous in 1976 by Shun-ichi Iwasaki, then professor of the Tohoku University in Japan, and first commercially implemented in 2005. The first industry-standard demonstration showing unprecedented advantage of PMR over longitudinal magnetic recording (LMR) at nanoscale dimensions was made in 1998 at IBM Almaden Research Center in collaboration with researchers of Data Storage Systems Center (DSSC) – a National Science Foundation (NSF) Engineering Research Center (ERCs) at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU).

Heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) is a magnetic storage technology for greatly increasing the amount of data that can be stored on a magnetic device such as a hard disk drive by temporarily heating the disk material during writing, which makes it much more receptive to magnetic effects and allows writing to much smaller regions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Travelstar</span> Brand of hard disk drive

Travelstar was a brand of 2.5-inch hard disk drive (HDD) that was introduced by IBM in 1994 with the announcement of the Travelstar LP. At 12.5 mm high with two platters, they were available in 360, 540 and 720 MB capacities. Initial models were industry-leading for small form factor HDDs in terms of areal density, data transfer rates and shock tolerance (500g).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hard disk drive failure</span> Electromechanical malfunctioning

A hard disk drive failure occurs when a hard disk drive malfunctions and the stored information cannot be accessed with a properly configured computer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of hard disk drives</span> Development of computer data storage

In 1953, IBM recognized the immediate application for what it termed a "Random Access File" having high capacity and rapid random access at a relatively low cost. After considering technologies such as wire matrices, rod arrays, drums, drum arrays, etc., the engineers at IBM's San Jose California laboratory invented the hard disk drive. The disk drive created a new level in the computer data hierarchy, then termed Random Access Storage but today known as secondary storage, less expensive and slower than main memory but faster and more expensive than tape drives.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Seagate Barracuda</span> Series of hard disk drives produced by Seagate Technology

The Seagate Barracuda is a series of hard disk drives and later solid state drives produced by Seagate Technology that was first introduced in 1993.

Higher performance in hard disk drives comes from devices which have better performance characteristics. These performance characteristics can be grouped into two categories: access time and data transfer time .

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Christopher H. Bajorek</span> Data storage engineer, inventor, technology leader (b. 1943, d. -)

Christopher Henry Bajorek is a data storage engineer noted for his leadership in developing and implementing magnetoresistive sensors into magnetic stripe readers, tape drives and hard disk drives.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Two-dimensional magnetic recording</span>

Two-dimensional magnetic recording (TDMR) is a technology introduced in 2017 in hard disk drives (HDD) used for computer data storage. Most of the world's data is recorded on HDDs, and there is continuous pressure on manufacturers to create greater data storage capacity in a given HDD form-factor and for a given cost. In an HDD, data is stored using magnetic recording on a rotating magnetic disk and is accessed through a write-head and read-head. TDMR allows greater storage capacity by advantageously combining signals simultaneously from multiple read-back heads to enhance the recovery of one or more data-tracks. In this manner, data can be stored with higher areal-density on the disks thus providing higher capacity in each HDD. TDMR is a read-back technology and thus applies equally well to future recording (writing) technologies such as heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) and microwave-assisted magnetic recording (MAMR).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mason Lamar Williams</span> American engineer, physicist, and inventor in Magnetic Recording

Mason Lamar Williams III was an engineer and physicist, noted for his contributions in the areas of magnetic recording and data storage on hard disk drives (HDD). A large part of his career was with the IBM Almaden Research Center in San Jose, California. After retiring, Williams played a major role in the restoration and demonstration of the IBM RAMAC at the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, California

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Michael Mallary</span> American data storage engineer, inventor, and author

Michael L. Mallary is an engineer, physicist, inventor, and author who is noted for his contributions in the areas of magnetic recording and data storage on hard disk drives (HDD). His work has concentrated on developing and optimizing magnetic components to maximize data storage density. In particular, he is responsible to inventing the 'trailing-shield' write head used universally in modern HDDs. Mallary is a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and recipient of the IEEE Magnetics Society Achievement Award.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Neal Bertram</span> American physicist, teacher, and author

Neal Bertram is a physicist noted for his contributions to the theory of magnetic recording. From 1968 to 1985, he worked for Ampex Corporation in Redwood City. From 1985 to 2004, he was an Endowed Chair Professor at the Center for Memory and Recording Research (CMRR), University of California at San Diego. He is the author of the book "Theory of Magnetic Recording". He is an elected Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. In 2003, he won the IEEE Reynold B. Johnson Information Storage Systems Award.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">David Thompson (engineer)</span> American data storage engineer and inventor

David A. Thompson is an American electrical engineer and inventor with a long career at IBM. He is noted for his many contributions to magnetic recording technology. Thompson was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame for the invention and development of the thin-film inductive head and the magnetoresistive read head. These heads are now ubiquitous in all hard-disk drives and magnetic tape recorders.

References

  1. 1 2 3 "2007 George E. Pake Prize Recipient". American Physical Society. 2007.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Walter, Chip (August 2005). "Kryder's Law". Scientific American . 293 (2): 32–33. Bibcode:2005SciAm.293b..32W. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0805-32. PMID   16053134.
  3. Sadik C. Esener; Mark H. Kryder; et al. (June 1999). "The Future of Data Storage Technologies" (PDF). International Technology Research Institute. p. 85. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
  4. Kryder, Mark H.; Chang Soo Kim (October 2009). "After Hard Drives - What Comes Next?". IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. 45 (10): 3406–3413. Bibcode:2009ITM....45.3406K. doi:10.1109/TMAG.2009.2024163. S2CID   16550469.
  5. Mellor, Chris (2014-11-10). "Kryder's law craps out: Race to UBER-CHEAP STORAGE is OVER". theregister.co.uk. UK: The Register. Retrieved 2014-11-12. Currently 2.5-inch drives are at 500GB/platter with some at 600GB or even 667GB/platter – a long way from 20TB/platter. To reach 20TB by 2020, the 500GB/platter drives will have to increase areal density 44 times in six years. It isn't going to happen. ... Rosenthal writes: "The technical difficulties of migrating from PMR to HAMR, meant that already in 2010 the Kryder rate had slowed significantly and was not expected to return to its trend in the near future. The floods reinforced this."
  6. Antoniazzi, Luca (2020-02-11). "Digital preservation and the sustainability of film heritage". Information, Communication & Society . 24 (11): 1658–1673. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2020.1716042. ISSN   1369-118X. S2CID   213769087. Closed Access logo transparent.svg , citing Rosenthal, David (2016-12-13). "The Medium-Term Prospects for Long-Term Storage Systems". blog.dshr.org. Retrieved 2020-03-07.
  7. "APS Fellow Archive". APS. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  8. Nyenhuis, John; Richard Dee, eds. (August 2000). "Kryder Receives IEEE Reynold B. Johnson Information Storage Award". IEEE Magnetics Society Newsletter. Archived from the original on 2008-09-28.
  9. "2007 Public Service Medal". Pingat Bakti Masyarakat (PMB). Archived from the original on 2008-02-07.