Mass stabbing

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A mass stabbing is a single incident in which multiple victims are harmed or killed in a knife-enabled crime. In such attacks, sharp objects are thrust at the victim, piercing through the skin and harming the victim. [1] Examples of sharp instruments used in mass stabbings may include kitchen knives, utility knives, sheath knives, scissors, katanas, hammers, screwdrivers, icepicks, bayonets, axes, machetes and glass bottles. [1] Knife crime poses security threats to many countries around the world. [1]

Contents

There are many different factors causing mass stabbing. This may include social inequality, abuse of alcohol and other drugs, easy access to weapons, a lack of access to firearms, social and cultural norms, religious and political reasons, among others. [2] [3]

Many actions have been taken to address mass stabbing and knife crimes. This may include enacting new legislation, social and education programs, medical interventions, among others. [2] However, mass stabbing and similar terrorist attacks carried out by Islamic extremists have resulted in the rise of Islamophobia. [4]

Definition

A mass stabbing can be defined from a number of different perspectives. The Oxford English Dictionary defines the verb 'stab' as an action that propels a pointed weapon with the intention of harm or murder. [5] A mass stabbing is an incident involving the use of pointed weapons to wound or kill multiple people.

Mass stabbings can be looked at from the scope of knife crime. Based on a publication by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, 'knife-enabled crime' is an incident where harm is threatened or caused with the use of bladed weapons. [6] The media also refers to 'knife crime' as a stabbing incident or the illegal possession of knives by a person in the public. [6]

From a legal perspective, the phrase mass killing can be used to define a mass stabbing. Based on section 2 of the Investigative Assistance for Violent Crimes Act of 2012 of the United States of America, which was signed into law and published by the US Congress on 13 January 2013, 'mass killing' is an individual occasion with three or more people murdered. [7]

Mass stabbings can also be looked at from the perspective of mass murder. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) of the United States of America has defined mass murder as an incident where four or more people are killed in a single incident on a continuing basis without any significant time period in between each of the murders. [8]

Causes

A World Health Organization (WHO) report states that past victimisation is one of the risk factors causing violence. [2] Children and young people with adverse experience are particularly prone to being perpetrators or victims of violence. [3]

Abuse of alcohol is another risk factor that cause people, particularly young people to involve in violence such as knife crime. [2] Research by WHO found that the incidence of violence was higher in countries with greater ease of access to alcohol. [2] Similarly, drug abuse is another possible cause of knife crime. [2] Illicit drug trade has been linked to the increasing incidence of knife crime. [2] Examples of drugs that are particularly linked to acts of violence include tobacco, cocaine and amphetamines. [2]

WHO has also stated that there is a strong correlation between violence and social inequality and deprivation. [2] The larger the differences in income between the high-income group and the low-income group, the higher the incidence of homicides. [2]

Another factor that may have led to knife crimes and violence among young people is the social and cultural norms in the environment they are exposed to. [2] This may be due to the exposure of young people to violent behaviour of family members, friends or other members of society, which lead them to think that acts of violence are normal and acceptable. [2] This group of people may have been exposed to various contents containing different forms of violence in the mass media which may have affected the behaviour of the young people. [2]

Spreading of religious extremism by terrorist groups, such as al-Qaeda and Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (IS), may be another cause of mass stabbings. [3] Both terrorist groups used publications such as Dabiq of IS and Inspire of al-Qaeda to propagate the ideologies of the organisations and demonize their opponents, particularly the western democracy and their values. [3] The terrorist organisations have encouraged their followers to launch attacks with knives because it is a cheap and easy method which is difficult to be detected by authorities yet capable of causing great harm to the general public. [9] [10]

Mass stabbing incidents are more common in nations that restrict or ban the private ownership of firearms. Individuals who do not have access to firearms typically turn to other weapons in order to inflict harm. In nations with strict firearms regulation such as the United Kingdom and Japan, knives are the most commonly used weapon to commit murder. In 2021 through 2022, the Home Office of the United Kingdom reported that England and Wales saw 282 homicides committed with a knife compared to 35 homicides committed with a firearm in the same year. [11] [12] In the United States, firearms are most commonly used by people looking to inflict harm due to their wide availability and ease of access in many states. Of the 15,129 homicides committed in the US in 2017, 10,982 involved a firearm while 1,591 homicides involved a knife or cutting instrument. [13] These factors make mass shootings in the United States a far more common incident than mass stabbings or acts of mass violence committed by other means. Pro-gun lawmakers such as Brad Wenstrup have cited mass stabbings in other countries to argue against measures to limit firearms ownership, arguing that mass murderers will still try to commit their attacks using knives or other means including bombs and vehicles instead of firearms. [14]

Political reasons may be another cause of mass stabbings. Various studies have been conducted by scholars and researchers to examine the relationship between political repression and terrorism. [15] In general, there is a lack of consensus on the relationship between repression and violence. [15] Some studies argued that political repression may turn non-violent groups to acts of violence. [15] [16] However, another study showed that there was a positive correlation between repression and violence in the short-run, but the correlation turns negative in the long-run. [17]

Reactions to mass stabbings

Government and law enforcement

The Government of the United Kingdom announced on 31 January 2019 that they would introduce the Knife Crime Prevention Orders through an amendment to the Offensive Weapons Bill in conjunction with the government's effort in tackling knife crime. [18] The new preventative order can be placed on any person aged 12 or over, where curfews, geographical restrictions and social media restrictions may be imposed on the targets of the police. [18] Retailers are also forbidden from selling knives to any person aged 18 or below. [18] The law is aimed at reducing knife crimes especially among young people. [18] Criminal prosecution, fines or jail sentences may be applied on any person who breaches the law. [18]

Pressure from the public and changes in laws have also mandated tougher sentences from the judiciary on knife crime offences. [19] England and Wales saw 85% of their knife crime offenders jailed for at least three months. [19] The average jail sentence for these offenders was eight months in 2018, an increment of three months from the average a decade ago. [19] In Scotland, there was a threefold increase in average sentence for carrying a knife in 2015 when compared to the data from 10 years ago. [20]

Members of the law enforcement community has also lobbied the government for extra funding to tackle crimes. [21] The Government of the United Kingdom has also announced extra funding of £100m to security forces in England and Wales to tackle crimes, specifically knife crimes. [21]

Countries like Brazil and Australia have also introduced laws to restrict the sale of alcohol at specific times of a day. [2] Studies in Diadema, Brazil has shown that homicides were reduced by 44% in the course of three years with the introduction of a law that restricts trading hours for alcoholic products. [2]

Schools

Schools have also taken precautionary measure to prevent knife crime in school compounds. A WHO report states that creating safe learning environment in schools is critical in preventing violence and knife crime among young people. [2]

A direct approach taken by some schools in the United States of America was installing weapon detection systems in schools. [2] This is to prevent weapons such as guns and knives from being brought into schools and threaten the safety of the community. [2]

Another initiative taken by some schools is the introduction of bully-prevention programs in schools. [2] An example of such programs is the Olweus Program, which is originated from Norway and is currently implemented in Australia, Lithuania, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States of America. [2] The KiVa program in Finland is another successful anti-bullying program in Europe. [2]

Education programs aimed at reducing knife crime has also been introduced. For example, the Be Safe Project in the United Kingdom educates students about the legal, social and health implications of knife crime. [2]

Others

In Scotland, knife crime is treated as a public health issue and a public funded initiative was launched to address the root cause of knife crimes. [20] The initiative is participated by law enforcement agencies like the police, social services and other organisations. [20] For example, No Knives, Better Lives, an organisation launched in 2009, works with the Scottish police, schools and volunteers to raise awareness among young people on knife crime prevention. [20] Gang members were also invited to a meeting with the police, health professionals, victims and social service workers where they discussed the implications of knife crime and violence. [2] [20] They were offered with assistance in employment, housing and education to help them depart from violence and knife crime. [2] [20]

Parenting programs were launched in many countries around the world to improve parenting skills. [2] WHO has stated that interventions in parenting skills can be beneficial to parent-children relationship and prevent violence amongst young people. [2] Examples of parenting programs includes Nurse-Family Partnership, Triple P and The Incredible Years. [2]

Rise of Islamophobia

Some scholars and experts believe that knife crime, mass stabbing and terrorist attacks have caused a surge in Islamophobia. [4]

Based on a report by Tell Mama, there was a 26% increase in anti-Muslim attacks in the United Kingdom from 2017 to 2018. [22] Some experts have attributed the backlash against the Islamic religion and Muslims to the terrorist attacks in the United Kingdom which were carried out by Muslims. [22] Example of terrorist attacks in the United Kingdom include Manchester Arena Bombing, London Bridge attack and Westminster attack. [23] [24] All of the attacks happened in the United Kingdom in 2017. [23] [24]

Another research from California State University, San Bernardino, has found that there was a 78% rise in hate crimes against Muslims in the United States of America in 2015. [4] Police reports in 2016 also stated that hate crimes and violence against Muslim communities in the United States of America were on the rise. [4]

Examples of mass stabbing cases

2014 Kunming attack

A view of Kunming Railway Station in Yunnan, China, in November 2008 Kunming Railway Station.jpg
A view of Kunming Railway Station in Yunnan, China, in November 2008

On March 1, 2014, a group of eight male and female attackers wielding knives attacked a railway station at Kunming, the provincial capital of Yunnan, in the southwest of China. [25] 31 people were killed, and a further 141 were wounded. [26] Authorities and the official news service of China, Xinhua, said that the knife attack was an act of terrorism carried out by Uighur separatists from Xinjiang, a province at the far west of China. The incident is now known as '3-01' in China. It was also called "China's 9-11" by the Global Times, a state-run media in China. [27] Authorities increased security in the Xinjiang region following the attack. [25]

2016 Sagamihara knife attack

At 2:20 am on 26 July 2016, a man launched a knife attack at a center for the disabled people at Sagamihara, a town west of Tokyo, Japan. [28] 19 residents of the care center were killed, and an additional 26 people were wounded. [28] [29] The suspect, former employee Satoshi Uematsu, [30] surrendered himself at a police station near the site of the attack shortly after. [28] He delivered a handwritten letter to a Japanese politician where he threatened to kill 470 severely disabled people. [30] He also advocated for legislation that would allow the disabled people to be euthanized with consents from their family members. He was hospitalized but was subsequently released after two weeks. [28] Charged with murder, Uematsu was eventually sentenced to death. [31] [32] The attack was the worst mass killing case in Japan in decades. [28]

2017 London Bridge attack

Entrance to Borough Market in London June 2010 Borough Market (4701274756).jpg
Entrance to Borough Market in London June 2010

On 3 June 2017, a terrorist vehicle-ramming and stabbing took place in London, England, UK. A van was deliberately driven into pedestrians on London Bridge, and then crashed on Borough High Street, just south of the River Thames. The van's three occupants then ran to the nearby Borough Market area and began stabbing people in and around restaurants and pubs. [33] They were shot dead by Metropolitan Police and City of London Police authorised firearms officers. [34] Eight people were killed, and 48 others were injured, including members of the public and four unarmed police officers who attempted to stop the assailants. [35]

2022 Saskatchewan stabbings

On September 4, 2022, 29 people were stabbed, 11 of whom were killed, in at least thirteen locations in the James Smith Cree Nation and Weldon, Saskatchewan, Canada. [36] Alerts relating to the incidents were extended to Manitoba and Alberta. Some of the victims were believed to have been targeted, while others were randomly attacked. [37] On September 7, 2022, the suspect, identified as Myles Sanderson, was found and arrested near Rosthern. Shortly after being taken into custody, Sanderson died from overdosing on cocaine. [38] [39] [40] [41]

2022 University of Idaho stabbings

In the early hours of November 13, 2022, four University of Idaho students were fatally stabbed in their off-campus residence in Moscow, Idaho. [42] On December 30, a suspect, 28-year-old Bryan Christopher Kohberger, was arrested in Monroe County, Pennsylvania, on four counts of first-degree murder and felony burglary. [43] [44]

2024 Bondi Junction stabbings

Shortly before 4 p.m. on April 13, 2024, a mass stabbing occurred at the Westfield Bondi Junction in Sydney, Australia. The attack left 7 people dead including the perpetrator and 12 injured including a nine-month-old baby. The attacker was a 40-year-old male who was shot to death by responding police. [45]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Homicide</span> Killing of a human by another human

Homicide is an act in which a human causes the death of another human.

The concept of justifiable homicide in criminal law is a defense to culpable homicide. Generally, there is a burden to produce exculpatory evidence in the legal defense of justification.

Suicide by cop, also known as suicide by police or law-enforcement-assisted suicide, is a suicide method in which a suicidal individual deliberately behaves in a threatening manner, with intent to provoke a lethal response from a public safety or law enforcement officer to end their own life.

A lone wolf attack, or lone actor attack, is a particular kind of mass murder, committed in a public setting by an individual who plans and commits the act on their own. In the United States, such attacks are usually committed with firearms. In other countries, knives are sometimes used to commit mass stabbings. Although definitions vary, most databases require a minimum of four victims for the event to be considered a mass murder.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gun violence in the United States</span> Phenomenon of gun violence in the United States

Gun violence is a term of political, economic and sociological interest referring to the tens of thousands of annual firearms-related deaths and injuries occurring in the United States. In 2022, up to 100 daily fatalities and hundreds of daily injuries were attributable to gun violence in the United States. In 2018, the most recent year for which data are available, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) National Center for Health Statistics reported 38,390 deaths by firearm, of which 24,432 were suicides. The national rate of firearm deaths rose from 10.3 people for every 100,000 in 1999 to 11.9 people per 100,000 in 2018, equating to over 109 daily deaths. In 2010, there were 19,392 firearm-related suicides, and 11,078 firearm-related homicides in the U.S. In 2010, 358 murders were reported involving a rifle while 6,009 were reported involving a handgun; another 1,939 were reported with an unspecified type of firearm. In 2011, a total of 478,400 fatal and nonfatal violent crimes were committed with a firearm.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crime in London</span> Overview of crime in London, England

Figures on crime in London are based primarily on two sets of statistics: the Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) and police recorded crime data. Greater London is generally served by three police forces; the Metropolitan Police which is responsible for policing the vast majority of the capital, the City of London Police which is responsible for The Square Mile of the City of London and the British Transport Police, which polices the national rail network and the London Underground. A fourth police force in London, the Ministry of Defence Police, do not generally become involved with policing the general public. London also has a number of small constabularies for policing parks. Within the Home Office crime statistic publications, Greater London is referred to as the London Region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mass shooting</span> Incident involving multiple victims of firearm violence

A mass shooting is a violent crime in which one or more attackers kill or injure multiple individuals simultaneously using a firearm. There is no widely accepted definition of "mass shooting" and different organizations tracking such incidents use different definitions. Definitions of mass shootings exclude warfare and sometimes exclude instances of gang violence, armed robberies, familicides and terrorism. The perpetrator of an ongoing mass shooting may be referred to as an active shooter.

The 2012 Yecheng attack was a terrorist attack by Uyghur separatist extremists that occurred on February 28, 2012, in Yecheng, Xinjiang, a remote town situated about 150 miles from China's border with Pakistan. Details of the attack are disputed: according to Chinese government reports and court documents, at around 6 p.m. that day, a group of eight Uyghur men led by religious extremist Abudukeremu Mamuti attacked pedestrians with axes and knives on Happiness Road. Local police fought with the attackers, ultimately killing all and capturing Mamuti. State-run media reported that one police officer died and four police were injured, while 15 pedestrians died from Mamuti's assault and 14 more civilians were injured. Chinese officials characterized the event as a "terrorist attack."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vehicle-ramming attack</span> Form of attack in which a perpetrator rams vehicle into people or structures

A vehicle-ramming attack, also known as a vehicle as a weapon or VAW attack, is an assault in which a perpetrator deliberately rams a vehicle into a building, people, or another vehicle. According to Stratfor Global Intelligence analysts, this attack represents a relatively new militant tactic that could prove more difficult to prevent than suicide bombings.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mass shootings in the United States</span> Incidents involving multiple victims of firearm violence

Mass shootings are incidents involving multiple victims of firearm related violence. Definitions vary, with no single, broadly accepted definition. One definition is an act of public firearm violence—excluding gang killings, domestic violence, or terrorist acts sponsored by an organization—in which a shooter kills at least four victims. Using this definition, a 2016 study found that nearly one-third of the world's public mass shootings between 1966 and 2012 occurred in the United States, In 2017 The New York Times recorded the same total of mass shootings for that span of years. A 2023 report published in JAMA covering 2014 to 2022, found there had been 4,011 mass shootings in the US, most frequent around the southeastern U.S. and Illinois. This was true for mass shootings that were crime-violence, social-violence, and domestic violence-related. The highest rate was found in the District of Columbia, followed by Louisiana and Illinois.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sagamihara stabbings</span> 2016 hate crime in Midori Ward, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan

The Sagamihara stabbings were committed on 26 July 2016 in Midori Ward, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan. Nineteen people were killed and twenty-six others were injured, thirteen severely, at a care home for disabled people. The crimes were committed by a 26-year-old man, identified as Satoshi Uematsu, a former employee of the care facility. Uematsu surrendered at a nearby police station with a bag of knives and was subsequently arrested. Justin McCurry of The Guardian described the attack as one of the worst crimes committed on Japanese soil in modern history. Uematsu was sentenced to death on 16 March 2020, after the prosecution sought the maximum penalty for murder in his trial; as of July 2022, he was on death row awaiting execution. As of 2023, it is currently the deadliest mass stabbing in Japanese history.

Stabbing attacks, which have been used as a tactic for thousands of years, became an increasingly common form of terrorism targeting random civilians in the 21st century, in particular during the 2010s and 2020s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kawasaki stabbings</span> Mass stabbing in Kawasaki, Japan

The Kawasaki stabbings occurred on the morning of 28 May 2019 in the Tama ward of Kawasaki City, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, four blocks west of Noborito Station. Two people were murdered, and 18 others were injured after being stabbed at a city bus stop by 51-year-old Ryuichi Iwasaki. After carrying out the attack, Iwasaki committed suicide by stabbing himself in the neck.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2020 Reading stabbings</span> Stabbing attack in Reading, England

On 20 June 2020, shortly before 19:00 BST, a man with a knife attacked people who were socialising in Forbury Gardens, Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom. Three men died from their wounds, and three other people were seriously injured. Khairi Saadallah, a 25-year-old Libyan male refugee, was arrested shortly afterwards. Saadallah was a former member of the Libyan militant group Ansar al-Sharia. He was charged with three counts of murder and three counts of attempted murder; he pleaded guilty. In January 2021, Saadallah was sentenced to a whole-life term.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2021 Auckland supermarket stabbing</span> Terrorist attack in Auckland, New Zealand

On 3 September 2021 at 14:40 NZST, eight people were injured in a mass stabbing at the LynnMall Countdown supermarket in New Lynn, Auckland, New Zealand. The attacker, Ahamed Samsudeen, was being followed by police officers, who intervened during the attack and shot and killed him after he charged the officers. He was pronounced dead at the scene. The incident was treated as terrorism and was "ISIS-inspired" according to Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern. It was the second stabbing in less than four months to occur at a Countdown supermarket, the first being in Dunedin, and the first terrorist attack in New Zealand since the Christchurch mosque shootings in 2019.

On March 22, 2022, four people were killed and two more were injured during a stabbing and vehicle-ramming attack by an Islamic State supporter in Beersheba, Israel.

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