Rationality | irrational algebraic |
---|---|
Symbol | ρ |
Representations | |
Decimal | 1.3247179572447460259609088... |
Algebraic form | real root of x3 = x + 1 |
Continued fraction (linear) | [1;3,12,1,1,3,2,3,2,4,2,141,80,...] [1] not periodic infinite |
In mathematics, the plastic ratio is a geometrical proportion close to 53/40. Its true value is the real solution of the equation x3 = x + 1.
The adjective plastic does not refer to the artificial material, but to the formative and sculptural qualities of this ratio, as in plastic arts.
Three quantities a > b > c > 0 are in the plastic ratio if
The ratio is commonly denoted
Let and , then
.
It follows that the plastic ratio is found as the unique real solution of the cubic equation The decimal expansion of the root begins as (sequence A060006 in the OEIS ).
Solving the equation with Cardano's formula,
or, using the hyperbolic cosine, [2]
is the superstable fixed point of the iteration .
The iteration results in the continued reciprocal square root
Dividing the defining trinomial by one obtains , and the conjugate elements of are
with and
The plastic ratio and golden ratio are the only morphic numbers: real numbers x > 1 for which there exist natural numbers m and n such that
Morphic numbers can serve as basis for a system of measure.
Properties of (m=3 and n=4) are related to those of (m=2 and n=1). For example, The plastic ratio satisfies the continued radical
while the golden ratio satisfies the analogous
The plastic ratio can be expressed in terms of itself as the infinite geometric series
in comparison to the golden ratio identity
Additionally, , while
For every integer one has
The algebraic solution of a reduced quintic equation can be written in terms of square roots, cube roots and the Bring radical. If then . Since
Continued fraction pattern of a few low powers
The plastic ratio is the smallest Pisot number. [4] Because the absolute value of the algebraic conjugates is smaller than 1, powers of generate almost integers. For example: After 29 rotation steps the phases of the inward spiraling conjugate pair – initially close to – nearly align with the imaginary axis.
The minimal polynomial of the plastic ratio has discriminant . The Hilbert class field of imaginary quadratic field can be formed by adjoining . With argument a generator for the ring of integers of , one has the special value of Dedekind eta quotient
Expressed in terms of the Weber-Ramanujan class invariant Gn
Properties of the related Klein j-invariant result in near identity . The difference is < 1/12659.
The elliptic integral singular value [7] for has closed form expression
(which is less than 1/3 the eccentricity of the orbit of Venus).
In his quest for perceptible clarity, the Dutch Benedictine monk and architect Dom Hans van der Laan (1904-1991) asked for the minimum difference between two sizes, so that we will clearly perceive them as distinct. Also, what is the maximum ratio of two sizes, so that we can still relate them and perceive nearness. According to his observations, the answers are 1/4 and 7/1, spanning a single order of size. [8] Requiring proportional continuity, he constructed a geometric series of eight measures (types of size) with common ratio 2 / (3/4 + 1/71/7) ≈ ρ. Put in rational form, this architectonic system of measure is constructed from a subset of the numbers that bear his name.
The Van der Laan numbers have a close connection to the Perrin and Padovan sequences. In combinatorics, the number of compositions of n into parts 2 and 3 is counted by the nth Van der Laan number.
The Van der Laan sequence is defined by the third-order recurrence relation
with initial values
The first few terms are 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 12, 16, 21, 28, 37, 49, 65, 86,... (sequence A182097 in the OEIS ). The limit ratio between consecutive terms is the plastic ratio.
k | n - m | err | interval | |
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 3 - 3 | 1 /1 | 0 | minor element |
1 | 8 - 7 | 4 /3 | 1/116 | major element |
2 | 10 - 8 | 7 /4 | -1/205 | minor piece |
3 | 10 - 7 | 7 /3 | 1/116 | major piece |
4 | 7 - 3 | 3 /1 | -1/12 | minor part |
5 | 8 - 3 | 4 /1 | -1/12 | major part |
6 | 13 - 7 | 16 /3 | -1/14 | minor whole |
7 | 10 - 3 | 7 /1 | -1/6 | major whole |
The first 14 indices n for which is prime are n = 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 16, 21, 32, 39, 86, 130, 471, 668, 1264 (sequence A112882 in the OEIS ). [9] The last number has 154 decimal digits.
The sequence can be extended to negative indices using
The generating function of the Van der Laan sequence is given by
The sequence is related to sums of binomial coefficients by
The characteristic equation of the recurrence is . If the three solutions are real root and conjugate pair and , the Van der Laan numbers can be computed with the Binet formula [11]
Since and , the number is the nearest integer to , with n > 1 and 0.3106288296404670777619027...
Coefficients result in the Binet formula for the related sequence .
The first few terms are 3, 0, 2, 3, 2, 5, 5, 7, 10, 12, 17, 22, 29, 39, 51, 68, 90, 119,... (sequence A001608 in the OEIS ).
This Perrin sequence has the Fermat property: if p is prime, . The converse does not hold, but the small number of pseudoprimes makes the sequence special. [12] The only 7 composite numbers below 108 to pass the test are n = 271441, 904631, 16532714, 24658561, 27422714, 27664033, 46672291. [13]
The Van der Laan numbers are obtained as integral powers n > 2 of a matrix with real eigenvalue [10]
The trace of gives the Perrin numbers.
Alternatively, can be interpreted as incidence matrix for a D0L Lindenmayer system on the alphabet with corresponding substitution rule
and initiator . The series of words produced by iterating the substitution have the property that the number of c's, b's and a's are equal to successive Van der Laan numbers. Their lengths are
Associated to this string rewriting process is a set composed of three overlapping self-similar tiles called the Rauzy fractal, that visualizes the combinatorial information contained in a multiple-generation letter sequence. [14]
There are precisely three ways of partitioning a square into three similar rectangles: [15] [16]
The fact that a rectangle of aspect ratio ρ2 can be used for dissections of a square into similar rectangles is equivalent to an algebraic property of the number ρ2 related to the Routh–Hurwitz theorem: all of its conjugates have positive real part. [17] [18]
The circumradius of the snub icosidodecadodecahedron for unit edge length is
was first studied by Axel Thue in 1912 and by G. H. Hardy in 1919. [4] French high school student Gérard Cordonnier discovered the ratio for himself in 1924. In his correspondence with Hans van der Laan a few years later, he called it The radiant number (French : Le nombre radiant). Van der Laan initially referred to it as The fundamental ratio (Dutch : De grondverhouding), using The plastic number (Dutch : Het plastische getal) from the 1950's onward. [20] In 1944 Carl Siegel showed that ρ is the smallest possible Pisot–Vijayaraghavan number and suggested naming it in honour of Thue.
Unlike the names of the golden and silver ratios, the word plastic was not intended by van der Laan to refer to a specific substance, but rather in its adjectival sense, meaning something that can be given a three-dimensional shape. [21] This, according to Richard Padovan, is because the characteristic ratios of the number, 3/4 and 1/7, relate to the limits of human perception in relating one physical size to another. Van der Laan designed the 1967 St. Benedictusberg Abbey church to these plastic number proportions. [22]
The plastic number is also sometimes called the silver number, a name given to it by Midhat J. Gazalé [23] and subsequently used by Martin Gardner, [24] but that name is more commonly used for the silver ratio 1 + √2, one of the ratios from the family of metallic means first described by Vera W. de Spinadel. Gardner suggested referring to ρ2 as "high phi", and Donald Knuth created a special typographic mark for this name, a variant of the Greek letter phi ("φ") with its central circle raised, resembling the Georgian letter pari ("Ⴔ").
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