Raintree County (film)

Last updated
Raintree County
Raintree movieposter.jpg
Theatrical poster
Directed by Edward Dmytryk
Screenplay by Millard Kaufman
Based on Raintree County
by Ross Lockridge Jr.
Produced by David Lewis
Starring Montgomery Clift
Elizabeth Taylor
Eva Marie Saint
Nigel Patrick
Lee Marvin
Cinematography Robert Surtees
Edited by John Dunning
Music by Johnny Green
Distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
Release date
  • October 2, 1957 (1957-10-02)
Running time
188 minutes
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$5,474,000 [1]
Box office$9,080,000 [1]

Raintree County is a 1957 American epic historical romance western film adapted from the 1948 novel of the same name by Ross Lockridge Jr. The film was directed by Edward Dmytryk and distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Set in the American South against the backdrop of the Antebellum South and the American Civil War, the film tells the story of a small-town Midwestern teacher and poet named John Shawnessy, who meets and marries a beautiful Southern belle named Susanna Drake; however, her emotional instability leads to the destruction of their marriage. The leading roles are played by Montgomery Clift, Elizabeth Taylor, Eva Marie Saint, Nigel Patrick and Lee Marvin.

Contents

In July 1947, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer had purchased the film rights of Ross Lockridge Jr.'s unpublished manuscript for Raintree County for $150,000. Carey Wilson was immediately signed as producer, and prominent actors were considered for leading roles. In January 1948, the book was released and became a national bestseller. In the following year, filming was delayed for two years as the project had grown too expensive. In 1955, the project was revived with Taylor and Clift signed for the two leading roles. Filming began in April 1956 and wrapped in October 1956. It would also mark the first use of a 65-millimeter widescreen process originally called MGM Camera 65.

Raintree County had its world premiere at the Brown Theatre in Louisville, Kentucky on October 2, 1957. In December 1957, the film was given a wide release in the United States, where it received negative reviews from film critics, who praised the production values and the performances of Clift and Taylor, but were critical of the film's plot. The film was nominated for four Academy Awards for Best Actress (Taylor), Art Direction–Set Decoration, Best Costume Design, and Best Score.

Plot

In 1859, idealist John Wickliff Shawnessey is living in Raintree County, Indiana. He's fascinated by the legend of the county's magnificent raintree, and at one point he ventures into the large, dangerous swamp where he believes it can be found. His quest is unsuccessful, and he almost dies in the effort.

Shawnessey has a high school sweetheart, Nell Gaither, but he's soon distracted by Susanna Drake, a rich New Orleans girl. He has a brief and passionate affair with Susanna while she is visiting his community. Following her return to the South, she comes back to Indiana to tell Shawnessey that she is pregnant with his child. John marries her out of honor and duty, leaving Nell heartbroken.

They travel south to visit Susanna's family. He learns that Susanna's mother went insane and died in a suspicious fire, along with Susanna's father and Henrietta, a slave implied to be the father's concubine. Susanna suspects that Henrietta may have been her biological mother. Gradually Susanna appears to be suffering from mental illness. She tells John that she faked pregnancy to trick him into marriage.

An abolitionist in the South, Shawnessey does not fit in with Susanna's family, and they return to Raintree County before the outbreak of the Civil War. John works as a teacher and they have a child, Jimmy, born at the outbreak of the war. In the war's third year, Susanna develops severe paranoia and delusions. She flees Indiana with Jimmy and seeks refuge among her extended family in Georgia.

Shawnessey is determined to find her and recover his son. He enlists in the Union Army in hopes of encountering his wife and child. After fighting in terrible battles, he finds Jimmy at an old plantation and learns that Susanna has been placed in an insane asylum. He is wounded while carrying Jimmy back to Northern lines, and is discharged from the Union Army. Johnny searches for Susanna, finding her kept in terrible conditions at the asylum. He brings her back with him to Raintree County.

After the end of the war and President Abraham Lincoln's assassination, Shawnessey considers his future. Nell urges him to run for political office. Recognizing that Nell and John still love each other, Susanna sacrifices herself and deludedly enters the swamp in the middle of the night to find the legendary raintree. Four-year-old Jimmy follows her. The search party eventually finds her body. John and Nell find Jimmy alive and carry him out of the swamp. Focused on the child, the two fail to notice the tall, spectacular raintree glowing in the early morning sunlight.

Cast

Production

Development

Drive-in advertisement from 1958. Harbor Drive-In Ad - 6 March 1958, National City, CA.jpg
Drive-in advertisement from 1958.

On July 15, 1947, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer had awarded first-time author Ross Lockridge Jr. a $150,000 prize for his novel, Raintree County, which was to be published by Houghton Mifflin. [2] Two days later, the studio had purchased the film rights for $150,000. With a preliminary budget of $6 million, screenwriter Carey Wilson had been signed as the producer. He stated he had Lana Turner, Ava Gardner, and Janet Leigh in mind for the female roles while Robert Walker and Keenan Wynn were being considered for the leading male roles. On the studio's shortlist, Van Heflin and Gene Kelly were also being considered. [3] Less than a year later, in March 1948, Lockridge Jr. was found dead inside his garage. His death was ruled a suicide from carbon monoxide poisoning. It was also reported that he had been working with the studio on the film adaptation. [4] However, in August 1949, Wilson wrote a letter addressed to Lockridge's widow that the project had been delayed for two years. He wrote, "The book, to be filmed as I want it filmed and as the quality of the writing demands it be filmed, will cost more than $6,000,000 and the situation today does not permit such an expenditure." [5]

In August 1955, the project had been revived by MGM production head executive Dore Schary with David Lewis being hired as producer. Elizabeth Taylor had been cast as Susannah Drake and Millard Kaufman was hired to write the script. [6] [7] In December of the same year, Montgomery Clift had signed a three-picture deal with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer with Raintree County to be filmed first. [8] By January 1956, Eva Marie Saint had been offered $100,000 (~$828,652 in 2022) to co-star in Raintree County. [9] Rod Taylor actively campaigned for his role in the film. [10]

Filming

Raintree County was shot at various locations, including Dunleith and Elms Court antebellum mansions, Windsor Ruins, in Natchez, Mississippi; Reelfoot Lake in northwest Tennessee near the Kentucky border; [11] and two locations in Kentucky, the Liberty Hall Historic Site on Wilkinson Street in Frankfort and settings in and near Danville. The Reelfoot Lake locations were used for the swamp scenes.

During filming, Montgomery Clift was injured and nearly killed in a serious automobile accident. On the evening of May 12, 1956, feeling tired and suffering from a hangover, he drove into a telephone pole and wrecked his car. He broke his nose, cut his lip, and fractured his jaw in three places, which had to be wired back together by surgery. [12] As a result, the studio announced that production had been shut down for two to three weeks. At the time, the filming crew had moved to do two months of location shooting throughout most of the Deep South. [13] A week later, after Clift had been discharged from the hospital, filming was further delayed until early July as the studio believed he (Clift) would be able to return to work within three weeks. [14] Although he spent weeks in surgery and recovery, he returned to finish the film. The physical damage to his face was apparent in several scenes filmed after the accident; the left side of his face was partially paralyzed. [15] His performance in the scenes shot after the accident was also markedly different from those shot before; he began to drink heavily and take a concoction of drugs which made his face more haggard and gave his eyes a furtive look, and affected his attitude and posture. [12]

Edward Dmytryk later revealed in his autobiography It's a Hell of a Life but Not a Bad Living that he found "a hundred containers" of every kind of drug and "a beautiful leather case fitted with needles and syringes" in Clift's hotel room and once found him so drunk that his cigarette had burned itself out between his fingers. [12] During filming in Danville, Clift's behavior grew increasingly erratic and bizarre, ordering his steak "blue-rare" (nearly uncooked) and adding masses of butter and pepper and eating it with his fingers, and running naked through the town, which resulted in a policeman being stationed outside his hotel room door to prevent him leaving during the night. [12]

Elizabeth Taylor also had problems during the production with her period clothing, and on one occasion she collapsed from hyperventilation and was treated with Clift's bottle of Demerol and a syringe, delivered by the doctor. She took over a week to also recover from tachycardia following the incident. [12] On set she was often late for filming and preoccupied with her romance with Mike Todd, who hired a commercial airliner to personally deliver some expensive presents to her in Danville. [12]

Raintree County was the first film shot in a 65-millimeter anamorphic widescreen process originally called MGM Camera 65, later renamed Ultra Panavision 70, which yielded an extra-wide image of 2.76:1; it was also used for MGM's 1959 version of Ben Hur . Although MGM expected to release the film in 70mm, the studio ultimately opted not to as the only projectors at the time were being used to screen Mike Todd's Around the World in 80 Days . [16] Due to the major delays in filming due to the issues with Clift and Taylor and the extravagant sets, the film was the most expensive US-based film in MGM's history, and Dmytryk never directed for MGM again. Though a success at the box office, it did not recoup its cost. [10]

Release

On January 24, 1957, Dmytryk, Lewis, Joseph Vogel, and numerous studio executives drove out to Santa Barbara, California to preview the film at the Granada Theater. The film ran for three hours and six minutes, and it had reportedly received a favorable response from an audience of 1,100 spectators. [17] However, by March 1957, following numerous previews, MGM announced that reshoots would begin that same month so "that certain dramatic points will be emphasized by re-shooting in close-up and that extra footage will be added to achieve smoother transitions in the sprawling drama." [18]

About 5,000 attendees arrived in Louisville, Kentucky for the film's world premiere at the Brown Theatre on October 2, 1957. It was the climax of two days of festivities which included a parade of limousines featuring stars from the film, receptions, and a costume ball held at the Freedom Hall Coliseum. [19] The next month, it was reported that fifteen minutes would be cut from the film for its general release. [20] For the film's wide release, Panavision president Robert Gottschalk stated Raintree County would be released in certain theaters on large-format 70mm film prints for roadshow theatrical engagements and on standard 35mm film prints. [21]

Reception

Critical reaction

Bosley Crowther of The New York Times wrote "It has a beautiful, costly production that is projected onto the screen in a sharp photographic process called Camera 65. It has a fancy cast of performers, headed by Elizabeth Taylor, Montgomery Clift, Eva Marie Saint and Nigel Patrick. And it has a busy musical score by Johnny Green. But Millard Kaufman's screenplay is a formless amoeba of a thing, and therein lies the fatal weakness of this costly, ambitious film." [22] Harrison's Reports felt "The picture is, in fact, so verbose that one loses its drift of the story unless he pays close attention to the dialogue. One of the shortcomings in the story is the fact that the motivations of some of the characters, particularly the hero, are not too clear, making for a vagueness that diminishes its dramatic impact...The acting of the entire cast is first-rate, and there are numerous scenes that are most effective dramatically, but on the whole the story falls short of the production's impressive visual beauty." [23] Similarly, Variety described the film as "a big picture in terms of pictorial size but the story doesn't always match the scope of the production. Chief story fault lies in its vagueness—the not truly specified motivations of the principals and in the conflicts involved in Clift's search for happiness alternately with Miss Saint and Miss Taylor." [24]

Among more recent reviews, Geoff Andrew of Time Out called the film an "elephantine bore". [25] On the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 10% based on 10 reviews with an average rating of 5.20/10. [26]

Box office

According to MGM records, the film earned $5,830,000 in North America and $3,250,000 internationally. Because of its high cost, the movie recorded a loss of $484,000. [1] [27]

Awards and honors

AwardCategoryNominee(s)Result
Academy Awards [28] Best Actress Elizabeth Taylor Nominated
Best Art Direction Art Direction: William A. Horning and Urie McCleary
Set Decoration: Edwin B. Willis and Hugh Hunt 		Nominated
Best Costume Design Walter Plunkett Nominated
Best Scoring Johnny Green Nominated
Golden Globe Awards [29] Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture Nigel Patrick Nominated
Laurel Awards Top Female Dramatic PerformanceElizabeth TaylorNominated
Top Male Supporting Performance Lee Marvin 5th Place
Top Female Supporting Performance Agnes Moorehead Nominated
Top Music ComposerJohnny GreenNominated

The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Elizabeth Taylor</span> British and American actress (1932–2011)

Dame Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor was a British and American actress. She began her career as a child actress in the early 1940s and was one of the most popular stars of classical Hollywood cinema in the 1950s. She then became the world's highest paid movie star in the 1960s, remaining a well-known public figure for the rest of her life. In 1999, the American Film Institute named her the seventh-greatest female screen legend of Classic Hollywood cinema.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">DeForest Kelley</span> American actor (1920–1999)

Jackson DeForest Kelley, known to colleagues as "Dee", was an American actor, screenwriter, poet, and singer. He was known for his roles in Westerns and as Dr. Leonard "Bones" McCoy of the USS Enterprise in the television and film series Star Trek (1966–1991).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Montgomery Clift</span> American actor (1920–1966)

Edward Montgomery Clift was an American actor. A four-time Academy Award nominee, he was known for his portrayal of "moody, sensitive young men", according to The New York Times.

<i>Raintree County</i> (novel) Book by Ross Lockridge Jr.

Raintree County is a novel by Ross Lockridge Jr. published in 1948. It tells the story of a small-town Midwestern teacher and poet named John Shawnessy, who, in his younger days before his service as a Union soldier in the Civil War, met and married a beautiful Southern belle; however, her emotional instability leads to the destruction of their marriage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eva Marie Saint</span> American actress (born 1924)

Eva Marie Saint is an American retired actress of film, theatre, radio and television. In a career spanning 75 years, she has won an Academy Award and a Primetime Emmy Award, alongside nominations for a Golden Globe Award and two British Academy Film Awards. Saint is both the oldest living and earliest surviving Academy Award-winner, and one of the last surviving stars from the Golden Age of Hollywood cinema.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Edward Dmytryk</span> American film director (1908–1999)

Edward Dmytryk was a Canadian-born American film director and editor. He was known for his 1940s noir films and received an Oscar nomination for Best Director for Crossfire (1947). In 1947, he was named as one of the Hollywood Ten, a group of blacklisted film industry professionals who refused to testify to the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) in their investigations during the McCarthy-era Red Scare. They all served time in prison for contempt of Congress. In 1951, however, Dmytryk testified to the HUAC and named individuals, including Arnold Manoff, whose careers were then destroyed for many years, to rehabilitate his own career. First hired again by independent producer Stanley Kramer in 1952, Dmytryk is likely best known for directing The Caine Mutiny (1954), a critical and commercial success. The second-highest-grossing film of the year, it was nominated for Best Picture and several other awards at the 1955 Oscars. Dmytryk was nominated for a Directors Guild Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures.

<i>Ben-Hur</i> (1959 film) 1959 American epic film directed by William Wyler

Ben-Hur is a 1959 American religious epic film directed by William Wyler, produced by Sam Zimbalist, and starring Charlton Heston as the title character. A remake of the 1925 silent film with a similar title, it was adapted from Lew Wallace's 1880 novel Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ. The screenplay is credited to Karl Tunberg, but includes contributions from Maxwell Anderson, S. N. Behrman, Gore Vidal, and Christopher Fry. The cast also features Stephen Boyd, Jack Hawkins, Haya Harareet, Hugh Griffith, Martha Scott, Cathy O'Donnell and Sam Jaffe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tom Drake</span> American actor (1918–1982)

Tom Drake was an American actor. Drake made films starting in 1940 and continuing until the mid-1970s, and also made TV acting appearances.

Ross Franklin Lockridge Jr. was an American writer known for his novel Raintree County (1948). The novel became a bestseller and has been praised by readers and critics alike. Some have considered it a "Great American Novel". Lockridge committed suicide at the peak of his novel's success at age 33. </ref> http://www.raintreecounty.com/bioenig.html

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Panavision</span> American motion picture equipment company

Panavision is an American motion picture equipment company founded in 1954 specializing in cameras and lenses, based in Woodland Hills, California. Formed by Robert Gottschalk as a small partnership to create anamorphic projection lenses during the widescreen boom in the 1950s, Panavision expanded its product lines to meet the demands of modern filmmakers. The company introduced its first products in 1954. Originally a provider of CinemaScope accessories, the company's line of anamorphic widescreen lenses soon became the industry leader. In 1972, Panavision helped revolutionize filmmaking with the lightweight Panaflex 35 mm movie camera. The company has introduced other cameras such as the Millennium XL (1999) and the digital video Genesis (2004).

<i>Cimarron</i> (1960 film) 1960 film

Cimarron is a 1960 American epic Western film based on the Edna Ferber novel Cimarron. The film stars Glenn Ford and Maria Schell and was directed by Anthony Mann and Charles Walters, though Walters is not credited onscreen. Ferber's novel was previously adapted as a film in 1931; that version won three Academy Awards.

<i>The Last Hunt</i> 1956 film

The Last Hunt is a 1956 American western film directed by Richard Brooks and starring Robert Taylor and Stewart Granger, with Lloyd Nolan, Debra Paget and Russ Tamblyn. It was produced by Dore Schary at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The screenplay was by Richard Brooks from the novel The Last Hunt, by Milton Lott. The music score was by Daniele Amfitheatrof and the cinematography by Russell Harlan.

<i>The Young Lions</i> (film) 1958 film

The Young Lions is a 1958 American epic World War II drama film directed by Edward Dmytryk and starring Marlon Brando, Montgomery Clift, and Dean Martin. It was made in black-and-white and CinemaScope and was theatrically released by 20th Century-Fox. The film is based on the 1948 novel of the same name by Irwin Shaw.

John Paxton was an American screenwriter.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ultra Panavision 70</span> 65 mm motion picture widescreen process

Ultra Panavision 70 and MGM Camera 65 were, from 1957 to 1966, the marketing brands that identified motion pictures photographed with Panavision's anamorphic movie camera lenses on 65 mm film. Ultra Panavision 70 and MGM Camera 65 were shot at 24 frames per second (fps) using anamorphic camera lenses. Ultra Panavision 70 and MGM Camera 65's anamorphic lenses compressed the image 1.25 times, yielding an extremely wide aspect ratio of 2.76:1.

Raintree County may refer to:

<i>Drango</i> 1957 film

Drango is a 1957 American Western film produced by Jeff Chandler's production company Earlmar Productions, written and directed by Hall Bartlett, and released by United Artists. Starring Chandler in the title role, the film also features Ronald Howard, Joanne Dru, Julie London and Donald Crisp. Set in the town of Kennesaw, Georgia in the months immediately following the American Civil War, the story depicts the efforts of a resolute Union Army officer who had participated in the town's destruction during Sherman's March determined to make amends.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jean Porter</span> American actress (1922–2018)

Bennie Jean Porter was an American film and television actress. She was notable for her roles in The Youngest Profession (1943), Bathing Beauty (1944), Abbott and Costello in Hollywood (1945), Till the End of Time (1946), Cry Danger (1951), and The Left Hand of God (1955).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Benny Thau</span>

Benjamin Thau was an American businessman who became vice-president of the Hollywood film studio Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM), a subsidiary of the Loew's theater chain. From 1928 he was in charge of casting, in the business of discovering and developing talented performers. He was known for his quiet and calming influence with often temperamental stars. Towards the end of his career he was head of the studio from 1956 to 1958.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jarma Lewis</span> American actress and model (1931–1985)

Jarma Toy Lewis was an American film actress and model active in the 1950s.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Mannix, Eddie (1962). The Eddie Mannix Ledger. Los Angeles: Margaret Herrick Library, Center for Motion Picture Study. OCLC   801258228.
  2. ↑ "Books—Author" . The New York Times. July 15, 1947. p. 21. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
  3. ↑ "Metro Will Film 'Raintree County'" . The New York Times. July 17, 1947. p. 16. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
  4. ↑ "Lockridge, Author, Suicide at 33; Worn by Writing 'Raintree County'" . The New York Times. March 8, 1948. pp. 1, 15. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
  5. ↑ "'Raintree County' Filming Delayed At Least 2 Years" . The Martinsville Daily Reporter . August 6, 1949. p. 1. Retrieved April 21, 2020– via Newspapers.com.
  6. ↑ Pryor, Thomas M. (August 29, 1955). "M-G-M Film Role for Miss Taylor" . The New York Times. p. 16. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
  7. ↑ Schallert, Edwin. (September 26, 1955). "'Raintree County' May Cost $8,000,000; Curtis Company Formed." Los Angeles Times. Part III, pg. 9 – via Newspapers.com.
  8. ↑ Pryor, Thomas M. (December 9, 1955). "Metro Gets Clift For Three Films" . The New York Times. p. 32. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
  9. ↑ "Salary Going Up". Variety. January 11, 1956. p. 4. Retrieved April 21, 2020– via Internet Archive.
  10. 1 2 Stephen Vagg, Rod Taylor: An Aussie in Hollywood, Bear Manor Media, 2010 p54
  11. ↑ "U.S. Marshals". Archived from the original on 2012-01-14. Retrieved 2011-12-16.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Raintree County". TV Guide. Retrieved October 15, 2022.
  13. ↑ Pryor, Thomas M. (May 15, 1956). "Filming Delayed by Clift's Mishap" . The New York Times. p. 26. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
  14. ↑ Pryor, Thomas M. (May 23, 1956). "'Raintree County' Put Off Until July 4". The New York Times. p. 27. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
  15. ↑ "Clift upsets Hollywood". The Australian Women's Weekly . National Library of Australia. 20 June 1956. p. 46. Retrieved 3 June 2012.
  16. ↑ "Widescreen Museum - The Ultra Panavision Wing 2". widescreenmuseum.com. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
  17. ↑ Pryor, Thomas R. (January 25, 1957). "M-G-M Chiefs Go To Preview" . The New York Times. p. 17. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
  18. ↑ Pryor, Thomas M. (March 19, 1957). "MGM Will Add Footage to Movie" . The New York Times. p. 44. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
  19. ↑ "'Raintree County' Has Festive Debut; Movie Based on Lockridge Novel Attracts 5,000 to Louisville Ceremonies" . The New York Times. October 3, 1957. p. 32. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
  20. ↑ Thomas, Bob (November 30, 1957). "Next Oscar Fete 'Best'" . The Valley Times. p. 4. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
  21. ↑ "Film Concern Raised; Panavision Plans Features in Wide-Screen Process" . The New York Times. October 30, 1957. p. 34. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
  22. ↑ Crowther, Bosley (December 21, 1957). "Screen: M-G-M's 'Raintree County'". The New York Times. p. 22. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
  23. ↑ ""Raintree County" with Montgomery Clift, Elizabeth Taylor and Eva Marie Saint". Harrison's Reports. Vol. 39, no. 41. October 12, 1957. p. 162. Retrieved April 21, 2020– via Internet Archive.
  24. ↑ "Raintree County (Color–Camera 65)". Variety. October 9, 1957. p. 6. Retrieved April 21, 2020– via Internet Archive.
  25. ↑ "Raintree County". Time Out. 10 September 2012. Retrieved June 21, 2013.
  26. ↑ "Raintree County". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved June 21, 2014.
  27. ↑ "Top Grossers of 1958". Variety . January 7, 1959. p. 48. Retrieved April 21, 2020– via Internet Archive.
  28. ↑ "The 30th Academy Awards (1958) Nominees and Winners". oscars.org. Retrieved 2011-08-21.
  29. ↑ "Raintree County – Golden Globes". HFPA . Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  30. ↑ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions Nominees" (PDF). Retrieved 2016-08-19.
  31. ↑ "AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores Nominees" (PDF). Retrieved 2016-08-19.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.