Red-wattled lapwing

Last updated

Red-wattled lapwing
Red-wattled lapwing (Vanellus indicus) Photograph by Shantanu Kuveskar.jpg
Vanellus indicus indicus
Calls
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Charadriiformes
Family: Charadriidae
Genus: Vanellus
Species:
V. indicus
Binomial name
Vanellus indicus
(Boddaert, 1783)
Vanellus indicus map.svg
Bounding distribution range
Synonyms

Hoplopterus indicus
Lobivanellus indicus
Lobivanellus goensis
Tringa indica
Sarcogrammus indicus

Contents

The red-wattled lapwing (Vanellus indicus) is an Asian lapwing or large plover, a wader in the family Charadriidae. Like other lapwings they are ground birds that are incapable of perching. Their characteristic loud alarm calls are indicators of human or animal movements and the sounds have been variously rendered as did he do it or pity to do it [2] leading to the colloquial name of did-he-do-it bird. [3] Usually seen in pairs or small groups not far from water, they sometimes form large aggregations in the non-breeding season (winter). They nest in a ground scrape laying three to four camouflaged eggs. Adults near the nest fly around, diving at potential predators while calling noisily. The cryptically patterned chicks hatch and immediately follow their parents to feed, hiding by lying low on the ground or in the grass when threatened. [4]

Taxonomy

Traditionally well known to native hunters, the red-wattled lapwing was first described in a book by the French polymath Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon in his Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux in 1781. [5] The bird was also illustrated in a hand-coloured plate engraved by François-Nicolas Martinet in the Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle produced under the supervision of Edme-Louis Daubenton to accompany Buffon's text. [6] Neither the plate nor Buffon's description included a scientific name but in 1783 the Dutch naturalist Pieter Boddaert used the binomial name Tringa indica in his catalogue of the Planches Enluminées. [7] The type locality is Goa in western India. [8] It was subsequently placed in various other genera such as Sarcogrammus and Lobivanellus before being merged into Vanellus which was erected by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760. [9] [10] Vanellus is the Medieval Latin for a "lapwing". It is a diminutive of the Latin vanus meaning "winnowing" or "fan". The specific epithet indicus is the Latin for "India". [11]

Across their wide range there are slight differences in the plumage and there are four recognized subspecies: [12]

Description

Red-wattled lapwings are large waders, about 35 cm (14 in) long. The wings and back are light brown with a purple to green sheen, but the head, a bib on the front and back of the neck are black. Prominently white patch runs between these two colours, from belly and tail, flanking the neck to the sides of crown. Short tail is tipped black. A red fleshy wattle in front of each eye, black-tipped red bill, and the long legs are yellow. In flight, prominent white wing bars formed by the white on the secondary coverts. [13]

Race aigneri is slightly paler and larger than the nominate race and is found in Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan and the Indus valley. The nominate race is found all over India. The Sri Lankan race lankae is smaller and dark while atronuchalis the race in north-eastern India and eastern Bangladesh has a white cheek surrounded by black. [14]

Males and females are similar in plumage but males have a 5% longer wing and tend to have a longer carpal spur. The length of the birds is 320–350 mm, wing of 208–247 mm with the nominate averaging 223 mm, Sri Lanka 217 mm. The Bill is 31–36 mm and tarsus of 70–83 mm. Tail length is 104–128 mm. [4]

It usually keeps in pairs or trios in well-watered open country, ploughed fields, grazing land, and margins and dry beds of tanks and puddles. They occasionally form large flocks, ranging from 26 to 200 birds. [15] It is also found in forest clearings around rain-filled depressions. It runs about in short spurts and dips forward obliquely (with unflexed legs) to pick up food in a typical plover manner. [16] They are said to feed at night being especially active around the full moon. [4] Is uncannily and ceaselessly vigilant, day or night, and is the first to detect intrusions and raise an alarm, and was therefore considered a nuisance by hunters. Flight rather slow, with deliberate flaps, but capable of remarkable agility when defending nest or being hunted by a hawk. [13]

Its striking appearance is supplemented by its noisy nature, with a loud and scolding did-he-do-it call, uttered both in the day and night. [14]

Leucistic abnormal plumages have been noted. [17]

The local names are mainly onomatopoeic in origin and include titahri (Hindi), titawi (Marathi), tittibha (Kannada), tateehar (Sindhi), titodi (Gujarati), hatatut (Kashmiri), balighora (Assamese), yennappa chitawa (Telugu), [2] aal-kaati (Tamil, meaning "human indicator"). [2]

Distribution

It breeds from West Asia (Iraq, SW Iran, Persian Gulf) eastwards across South Asia (Baluchistan, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, Pakistan, the entire Indian subcontinent up to Kanyakumari and up to 1800m in Kashmir/Nepal), with another sub-species further east in Southeast Asia. May migrate altitudinally in spring and autumn (e.g. in N. Baluchistan or NW Pakistan), and spreads out widely in the monsoons [13] on creation of requisite habitats, but by and large the populations are resident. [18]

This species is declining in its western range, but is abundant in much of South Asia, being seen at almost any wetland habitat in its range.

Behaviour and ecology

The breeding season is mainly March to August. The courtship involves the male puffing its feathers and pointing its beak upwards. The male then shuffles around the female. Several males may display to females and they may be close together. [15] The eggs are laid in a ground scrape or depression sometimes fringed with pebbles, goat or hare droppings. [19] About 3–4 black-blotched buff eggs shaped a bit like a peg-top (pyriform), 42x30 mm on average. Nests are difficult to find since the eggs are cryptically coloured and usually matches the ground pattern. [13] In residential areas, they sometimes take to nesting on roof-tops. [20] [21] [22] They have been recorded nesting on the stones between the rails of a railway track, the adult leaving the nest when trains passed. [23] Nests that have been threatened by agricultural operations have been manually translocated by gradually shifting the eggs. [24] When nesting they will attempt to dive bomb or distract potential predators. [25] [26] [27] [28] Both the male and female incubate the eggs and divert predators using distraction displays or flash their wings to deter any herbivores that threaten the nest. Males appear to relieve females incubating at the nest particularly towards the hot part of noon. [29] The eggs hatch in 28 to 30 days. The reproductive success is about 40%. Egg mortality is high (~43%) due to predation by mongooses, crows and kites. Chicks have a lower mortality (8.3%) and their survival improves after the first week. [30]

Like other lapwings, they soak their belly feathers to provide water to their chicks as well as to cool the eggs during hot weather. [31] [32]

They bathe in pools of water when available and will often spend time on preening when leaving the nest or after copulation. They sometimes rest on the ground with the tarsi laid flat on the ground and at other times may rest on one leg. [33]

Healthy adult birds have few predators and are capable of rapid and agile flight when pursued by hawks or falcons. [13] Hugh B. Cott claimed that the flesh of the bird was unpalatable based on evidence from an Indian geologist who noted that a hungry tiger cub refused to eat their meat. [34] Some endoparasitic tapeworms, nematodes, and trematodes have been described from the species. [35] [36] [37] Mortality caused by respiratory infection by Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale has been recorded in captive birds in Pakistan. [38]

Diet

The diet of the lapwing includes a range of insects, snails and other invertebrates, mostly picked from the ground. They may also feed on some grains. They feed mainly during the day but they may also feed at night. They may sometimes make use of the legs to disturb insect prey from soft soil. [39]

In culture

In parts of India, a local belief is that the bird sleeps on its back with the legs upwards and an associated Hindi metaphor Titahri se asman thama jayega ("can the lapwing support the heavens?") is used to refer to persons undertaking tasks beyond their ability or strength. [2]

In parts of Rajasthan it is believed that the laying of eggs by the lapwing on high ground was an indication of good rains to come. [40] The eggs are known to be collected by practitioners of folk medicine. [41] [42] [43] The Bhils of Malwa believed that the laying of eggs by red-wattled lapwings in the dry beds of streams as forewarnings of delayed rains or droughts. Eggs laid on the banks on the other hand were taken as indications of normal rains. [44]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Northern lapwing</span> Species of bird

The northern lapwing, also known as the peewit or pewit, tuit or tewit, green plover, or pyewipe or just lapwing, is a bird in the lapwing subfamily. It is common through temperate Eurosiberia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brahminy kite</span> Species of bird

The brahminy kite, also known as the red-backed sea-eagle in Australia, is a medium-sized bird of prey in the family Accipitridae, which also includes many other diurnal raptors, such as eagles, buzzards, and harriers. They are found in the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, and Australia. They are found mainly on the coast and in inland wetlands, where they feed on dead fish and other prey. Adults have a reddish-brown body plumage contrasting with their white head and breast which make them easy to distinguish from other birds of prey.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Masked lapwing</span> Species of bird in the family Charadriidae

The masked lapwing is a large, common and conspicuous bird native to Australia, New Zealand and New Guinea. It spends most of its time on the ground searching for food such as insects and worms, and has several distinctive calls. It is common in Australian fields and open land, and is known for its defensive swooping behaviour during the nesting season.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yellow-wattled lapwing</span> Species of bird

The yellow-wattled lapwing is a lapwing that is endemic to the Indian Subcontinent. It is found mainly on the dry plains of peninsular India and has a sharp call and is capable of fast flight. Although they do not migrate, they are known to make seasonal movements in response to rains. They are dull grey brown with a black cap, yellow legs and a triangular wattle at the base of the beak. Like other lapwings and plovers, they are ground birds and their nest is a mere collection of tiny pebbles within which their well camouflaged eggs are laid. The chicks are nidifugous, leaving the nest shortly after hatching and following their parents to forage for food.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Black-headed lapwing</span> Species of bird

The black-headed lapwing or black-headed plover is a large lapwing, a group of largish waders in the family Charadriidae. It is a resident breeder across sub-Saharan Africa from Senegal to Ethiopia, although it has seasonal movements. It lays two or three eggs on a ground scrape.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Asian woolly-necked stork</span> Species of bird

The Asian woolly-necked stork or Asian woollyneck is a species of large wading bird in the stork family Ciconiidae. It breeds singly, or in small loose colonies. It is distributed in a wide variety of habitats including marshes in forests, agricultural areas, and freshwater wetlands across Asia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ashy prinia</span> Species of bird

The ashy prinia or ashy wren-warbler is a small warbler in the family Cisticolidae. This prinia is a resident breeder in the Indian subcontinent, ranging across most of India, Nepal, Bangladesh, eastern Pakistan, Bhutan, Sri Lanka and western Myanmar. It is a common bird in urban gardens and farmlands in many parts of India and its small size, distinctive colours and upright tail make it easy to identify. The northern populations have a rufous rump and back and have a distinct breeding and non-breeding plumage while other populations lack such variation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">White-throated kingfisher</span> Species of bird from Asia

The white-throated kingfisher also known as the white-breasted kingfisher is a tree kingfisher, widely distributed in Asia from the Sinai east through the Indian subcontinent to China and Indonesia. This kingfisher is a resident over much of its range, although some populations may make short distance movements. It can often be found well away from water where it feeds on a wide range of prey that includes small reptiles, amphibians, crabs, small rodents and even birds. During the breeding season they call loudly in the mornings from prominent perches including the tops of buildings in urban areas or on wires.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Asian koel</span> Species of bird

The Asian koel is a member of the cuckoo order of birds, the Cuculiformes. It is found in the Indian Subcontinent, China, and Southeast Asia. It forms a superspecies with the closely related black-billed koels, and Pacific koels which are sometimes treated as subspecies. The Asian koel like many of its related cuckoo kin is a brood parasite that lays its eggs in the nests of crows and other hosts, who raise its young. They are unusual among the cuckoos in being largely frugivorous as adults. The name koel is echoic in origin with several language variants. The bird is a widely used symbol in Indian and Nepali poetry.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jacobin cuckoo</span> Species of bird

The Jacobin cuckoo, also pied cuckoo or pied crested cuckoo, is a member of the cuckoo order of birds that is found in Africa and Asia. It is partially migratory and in India, it has been considered a harbinger of the monsoon rains due to the timing of its arrival. It has been associated with a bird in Indian mythology and poetry, known as the chātaka represented as a bird with a beak on its head that waits for rains to quench its thirst.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ashy-crowned sparrow-lark</span> Species of bird

The ashy-crowned sparrow-lark is a small sparrow-sized member of the lark family, belonging to the genus of sparrow larks. It is found in the plains in open land with bare ground, grass and scrub across South Asia. The males are well marked with a contrasting black-and-white face pattern, while females are sandy brown, looking similar to a female sparrow. Males are easily detected during the breeding season by the long descending whistle that accompanies their undulating and dive-bombing flight displays.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Black drongo</span> Species of bird

The black drongo is a small Asian passerine bird of the drongo family Dicruridae. It is a common resident breeder in much of tropical southern Asia from southwest Iran through Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka east to southern China and Indonesia and accidental visitor of Japan. It is an all black bird with a distinctive forked tail and measures 28 cm (11 in) in length. It feeds on insects, and is common in open agricultural areas and light forest throughout its range, perching conspicuously on a bare perch or along power or telephone lines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Banded lapwing</span> Species of bird

The banded lapwing is a small to medium-sized shorebird, found in small parties or large flocks on bare ground in open grasslands, agricultural land and open savannah. It is native to Australia and in the past considered as a game bird for hunting. Population estimate is 25 000 - 1 000 000. Other names include banded, black-breasted, brown flock and plain plover.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">White-cheeked barbet</span> Species of bird found in southern India

The white-cheeked barbet or small green barbet is a species of Asian barbet found in southern India. It is very similar to the more widespread brown-headed barbet, but this species has a distinctive supercilium and a broad white cheek stripe below the eye and is found in the forest areas of the Western Ghats, parts of the Eastern Ghats and adjoining hills. The brown-headed barbet has an orange eye-ring but the calls are very similar and the two species occur together in some of the drier forests to the east of the Western Ghats. Like all other Asian barbets, they are mainly frugivorous, and use their bills to excavate nest cavities in trees.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Painted spurfowl</span> Species of bird

The painted spurfowl is a bird of the pheasant family found in rocky hill and scrub forests mainly in peninsular India. Males are more brightly coloured and spotted boldly in white. Males have two to four spurs while females can have one or two of the spurs on their tarsus. The species is found mainly in rocky and scrub forest habitats unlike the red spurfowl. It is found in the undergrowth in pairs or small groups, escaping by running and rarely taking to the wing when flushed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yellow-throated sparrow</span> Species of bird

The yellow-throated sparrow or chestnut-shouldered petronia is a species of sparrow found in southern Asia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crowned lapwing</span> Species of bird

The crowned lapwing, or crowned plover, is a bird of the lapwing subfamily that occurs contiguously from the Red Sea coast of Somalia to southern and southwestern Africa. It is an adaptable and numerous species, with bold and noisy habits. It is related to the more localized black-winged and Senegal lapwings, with which it shares some plumage characteristics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">White-eyed buzzard</span> Species of bird

The white-eyed buzzard is a medium-sized hawk, distinct from the true buzzards in the genus Buteo, found in South Asia. Adults have a rufous tail, a distinctive white iris, and a white throat bearing a dark mesial stripe bordered. The head is brown and the median coverts of the upper wing are pale. They lack the typical carpal patches on the underside of the wings seen in true buzzards, but the entire wing lining appears dark in contrast to the flight feathers. They sit upright on perches for prolonged periods and soar on thermals in search of insect and small vertebrate prey. They are vociferous in the breeding season, and several birds may be heard calling as they soar together.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Finn's weaver</span> Species of weaver bird found in the Ganges and Brahmaputra valleys in India and Nepal

Finn's weaver, also known as Finn's baya and yellow weaver is a weaver bird species native to the Ganges and Brahmaputra valleys in India and Nepal. Two subspecies are known; the nominate subspecies occurs in the Kumaon area and salimalii in the eastern Terai.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bank myna</span> Species of bird

The bank myna is a myna found in the northern parts of South Asia. It is smaller but similar in colouration to the common myna, only differing in having brick-red naked skin behind the eyes instead of yellow. It is greyer on the underside and in this and in the presence of a slight tuft of feathers bears some resemblance to the jungle myna. They are found in flocks on the plains of northern and central India, often within towns and cities. Their range appears to be extending southwards into India. The name is derived from their habit of nesting almost exclusively in the earthen banks of rivers, where they excavate burrows and breed in large colonies.

References

  1. ↑ BirdLife International (2016). "Vanellus indicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T22694013A89569039. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22694013A89569039.en .
  2. 1 2 3 4 Jerdon, TC (1864). The Birds of India. George Wyman & Co. pp.  648–649.
  3. ↑ Symons, CT (1917). "Note on the breeding habits of the Did-he-do-it Sarcogrammus indicus". Spolia Zeylanica. 10 (39): 397–398.
  4. 1 2 3 Hayman, P.; J. Marchant; T. Prater (1986). Shorebirds: an identification guide to the waders of the world. Croom Helm, London. pp. 274–275.
  5. ↑ Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de (1781). "Le Vanneau armé des Indes". Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux (in French). Vol. 15. Paris: De L'Imprimerie Royale. p. 101.
  6. ↑ Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de; Martinet, François-Nicolas; Daubenton, Edme-Louis; Daubenton, Louis-Jean-Marie (1765–1783). "Vanneau armé, de Goa". Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle. Vol. 9. Paris: De L'Imprimerie Royale. Plate 807.
  7. ↑ Boddaert, Pieter (1783). Table des planches enluminéez d'histoire naturelle de M. D'Aubenton : avec les denominations de M.M. de Buffon, Brisson, Edwards, Linnaeus et Latham, precedé d'une notice des principaux ouvrages zoologiques enluminés (in French). Utrecht. p. 50, Number 807.
  8. ↑ Peters, James Lee, ed. (1934). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 238.
  9. ↑ Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés (in French and Latin). Vol. 1. Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. p. 48.
  10. ↑ Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés (in French and Latin). Vol. 5. Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. p. 94.
  11. ↑ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp.  204, 398. ISBN   978-1-4081-2501-4.
  12. ↑ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2019). "Grebes, flamingos, buttonquail, plovers, painted-snipes, jacanas, plains-wanderer, seedsnipes". World Bird List Version 9.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 26 June 2019.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ali, S & S D Ripley (1980). Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 212–215.
  14. 1 2 Pamela C. Rasmussen & John C. Anderton (2005). Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions. ISBN   84-87334-67-9. OCLC   60359701.
  15. 1 2 Vyas, Rakesh (1997). "Flocking and courtship display in Redwattled Lapwing (Vanellus indicus)". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 94: 406–407.
  16. ↑ Ali, Salim (1996). Book of Indian Birds, Salim Ali centenary edition. Mumbai: Bombay Natural History Society/Oxford University Press. p. 139.
  17. ↑ Mehra SP; N Singh & S Mehra (2008). "Sighting of a partially albino Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus in Udaipur, Rajasthan". Indian Birds. 4 (3): 120.
  18. ↑ Saini, SS (1972). "Unexpected summer visitors in the Himalayas – Redwattled Lapwing". Newsletter for Birdwatchers . 12 (8): 5–6.
  19. ↑ Sharma, SK (1992). "Use of droppings of Indian Hare for nest making by Redwattled Lapwing". Newsletter for Birdwatchers . 32 (7&8): 19.
  20. ↑ Mundkur, Taej (1985). "Observations on the roof-nesting habit of the Redwattled Lapwing (Vanellus indicus) in Poona, Maharashtra". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 82 (1): 194–196.
  21. ↑ Tehsin, Raza H; Lokhandwala, Juzer (1982). "Unusual nesting of Redwattled Lapwing (Vanellus indicus)". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 79 (2): 414.
  22. ↑ Reeves, SK (1975). "Unusual nesting by Red-wattled Lapwing". Newsletter for Birdwatchers . 15 (2): 5–6.
  23. ↑ McCann, Charles (1941). "Curious nesting site of the Red-wattled Lapwing (Lobivanellus indicus indicus Bodd.)". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 42 (2): 441–442.
  24. ↑ Sridhar, S; Karanth, P (1991). "Dilemma near the nest of a pair of red-wattled lapwings". Newsletter for Birdwatchers . 31 (7&8): 7–9.
  25. ↑ Rangaswami, S (1980). "Lapwing fighting off cobra". Newsletter for Birdwatchers . 20 (1): 13.
  26. ↑ Bhatnagar, RK (1978). "Interaction of a Redwattled Lapwing and a dog". Newsletter for Birdwatchers . 18 (1): 9.
  27. ↑ Bhagwat, VR (1991). "Lapwings and snake". Newsletter for Birdwatchers . 31 (5&6): 10–11.
  28. ↑ Kalsi, RS; Khera, S (1987). "Agonistic and distraction behaviour of the Redwattled Lapwing, Vanellus indicus indicus". Pavo. 25 (1&2): 43–56.
  29. ↑ Naik, RM; George, PV; Dixit, Dhruv B (1961). "Some observations on the behaviour of the incubating Redwattled Lapwing, Vanellus indicus indicus (Bodd.)". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 58 (1): 223–230.
  30. ↑ Desai, JH; Malhotra, AK (1976). "A note on incubation period and reproductive success of the Redwattled Lapwing, Vanellus indicus at Delhi Zoological Park". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 73 (2): 392–394.
  31. ↑ Sundararaman, V. (1989). "Belly-soaking and nest wetting behaviour of Redwattled Lapwing, Vanellus indicus (Boddaert)". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 86: 242.
  32. ↑ Kalsi, R. S. & S. Khera (1990). "Growth and development of the Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus". Stilt. 17: 57–64.
  33. ↑ Kalsi, RS; Khera, S (1992). "Some observations on maintenance behaviour of the Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus (Boddaert)". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society . 89 (3): 368–372.
  34. ↑ Cott, Hugh B. (1946). "The Edibility of Birds: Illustrated by Five Years' Experiments and Observations (1941–1946) on the Food Preferences of the Hornet, Cat and Man;and considered with Special Reference to the Theories of Adaptive Coloration". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 116 (3–4): 371–524. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1947.tb00131.x.
  35. ↑ Jadhav. V.; Nanware S. S.; Rao S. S. (1994). "Two new tapeworm Panuwa ahilyai n. sp. and Panuwa shindei n. sp. from Vanellus indicus at Aurangabad, M.S., India". Rivista di Parassitologia . 55 (3): 379–384.
  36. ↑ Sarwar, M. M. (1956). "On Some Spirurid and Filariid Nematodes of Birds in Pakistan". Journal of Helminthology. 30 (2–3): 103–112. doi:10.1017/S0022149X00033046. PMID   13346051. S2CID   37208401.
  37. ↑ Siddiqi, AH; Jairajpuri MS (1962). "Uvitellina indica n. sp. (Trematoda: Cyclocoeliidae) from a redwattled lapwing, Lobivanellus indicus (Boddaert)". Zeitschrift für Parasitenkunde. 21 (3): 212–4. doi:10.1007/bf00260233. PMID   13912529. S2CID   9487751.
  38. ↑ Umar, S.; M. Iqbal; A. H. Khan; A. Mushtaq; K. Aqil; T. Jamil; S. Asif; N. Qamar; A. Shahzad; M. Younus (2017). "Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale infection in red wattled lapwings (Vanellus indicus) in Pakistan – a case report". Vet. Arhiv. 87 (5): 641–648. doi: 10.24099/vet.arhiv.160519b .
  39. ↑ Babi, AZ (1987). "Feeding behaviour of red-wattled lapwing". Newsletter for Birdwatchers . 27 (1–2): 15.
  40. ↑ Saxena VS (1974). "Unusual nesting by Red-wattled Lapwing". Newsletter for Birdwatchers . 14 (11): 3–5.
  41. ↑ Tamang, Ganesh (2003). "An Ethnobiological Study of the Tamang People". Our Nature. 1: 37–41. doi: 10.3126/on.v1i1.303 .
  42. ↑ Negi, Chandra S. Negi & Veerendra S. Palyal (2007). "Traditional Uses of Animal and Animal Products in Medicine and Rituals by the Shauka Tribes of District Pithoragarh, Uttaranchal, India" (PDF). Studies on Ethno-Medicine. 1 (1): 47–54. doi:10.1080/09735070.2007.11886300. S2CID   30993906.
  43. ↑ Srinivas, K.V. & S. Subramanya (2000). "Stealing of Redwattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus (Boddaert) and Yellow-wattled Lapwing Vanellus malabaricus (Boddaert) eggs by cowherds". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 97 (1): 143–144.
  44. ↑ Luard, C.E. (1909). Jungle tribes of Malwa. The Ethnographical Survey of the Central India Agency. Monograph No. 11. Lucknow. p. 27.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

Other sources

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.