The temperance movement is a social movement promoting temperance or complete abstinence from consumption of alcoholic beverages. Participants in the movement typically criticize alcohol intoxication or promote teetotalism,and its leaders emphasize alcohol's negative effects on people's health,personalities and family lives. Typically the movement promotes alcohol education and it also demands the passage of new laws against the sale of alcohol,either regulations on the availability of alcohol,or the complete prohibition of it. During the 19th and early 20th centuries,the temperance movement became prominent in many countries,particularly in English-speaking,Scandinavian,and majority Protestant ones,and it eventually led to national prohibitions in Canada,Norway,Finland,and the United States,as well as provincial prohibition in India. A number of temperance organizations exist that promote temperance and teetotalism as a virtue.
Irving Fisher was an American economist,statistician,inventor,eugenicist and progressive social campaigner. He was one of the earliest American neoclassical economists,though his later work on debt deflation has been embraced by the post-Keynesian school. Joseph Schumpeter described him as "the greatest economist the United States has ever produced",an assessment later repeated by James Tobin and Milton Friedman.
The Progressive Era (1896–1917) was a period of widespread social activism and political reform across the United States focused on defeating corruption,monopoly,waste,and inefficiency. The main themes ended during American involvement in World War I (1917–1918) while the waste and efficiency elements continued into the 1920s. Progressives sought to address the problems caused by rapid industrialization,urbanization,immigration,and political corruption;and by the enormous concentration of industrial ownership in monopolies. They were alarmed by the spread of slums,poverty,and the exploitation of labor. Multiple overlapping progressive movements fought perceived social,political and economic ills by advancing democracy,scientific methods,professionalism and efficiency;regulating businesses,protecting the natural environment,and improving working conditions in factories and living conditions of the urban poor. Spreading the message of reform through mass-circulation newspapers and magazines by "probing the dark corners of American life" were investigative journalists known as "muckrakers". The main advocates of progressivism were often middle-class social reformers.
The social hygiene movement was an attempt by Progressive era reformers to control venereal disease,regulate prostitution and vice,and disseminate sexual education through the use of scientific research methods and modern media techniques. Social hygiene as a profession grew alongside social work and other public health movements of the era. Social hygienists emphasized sexual continence and strict self-discipline as a solution to societal ills,tracing prostitution,drug use and illegitimacy to rapid urbanization. The movement remained alive throughout much of the 20th century and found its way into American schools,where it was transmitted in the form of classroom films about menstruation,sexually transmitted disease,drug abuse and acceptable sexual behavior in addition to an array of pamphlets,posters,textbooks and films.
Progressivism in the United States is a political philosophy and reform movement in the United States advocating policies that are generally considered social democratic and even socialist or social liberal.
Neo-prohibitionism is a current movement to attempt to stop consumption of alcohol in society through legislation and policies which further restrict the sale,possession,and marketing of alcohol in order to reduce average per capita consumption and change social norms to reduce its acceptability.
Alcohol education is the practice of disseminating information about the effects of alcohol on health,as well as society and the family unit. It was introduced into the public schools by temperance organizations such as the Woman's Christian Temperance Union in the late 19th century. Initially,alcohol education focused on how the consumption of alcoholic beverages affected society,as well as the family unit. In the 1930s,this came to also incorporate education pertaining to alcohol's effects on health. For example,even light and moderate alcohol consumption increases cancer risk in individuals. Organizations such as the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism in the United States were founded to promulgate alcohol education alongside those of the temperance movement,such as the American Council on Alcohol Problems.
In the history of the United States,a clean living movement is a period of time when a surge of health-reform crusades erupts into the popular consciousness. This results in individual,or group reformers such as the anti-tobacco or alcohol coalitions of the late twentieth century,to campaign to eliminate the health problem or to "clean up" society. The term "Clean Living Movement" was coined by Ruth C. Engs,a Professor of Applied Health Sciences at Indiana University in 1990.
The National Birth Control League was a United States organization founded in the early 20th century to promote sex education,the use of means and methods to prevent conception,to lobby for a change in legislation making this illegal,and to bring up courtcases with the aim to change jurisprudence,enabling birth control.
Katharine Bement Davis was an American progressive era social reformer and criminologist who became the first woman to head a major New York City agency when she was appointed Correction Commissioner on January 1,1914. Davis was a former school teacher from upstate New York,who later became one of the nation's first female doctorates when she received her Ph.D. in economics from the University of Chicago in 1901. Davis was also known for her work as an American penologist and a writer who had a long-lasting effect on American penal reform in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Eugenics,the set of beliefs and practices which aims at improving the genetic quality of the human population,played a significant role in the history and culture of the United States from the late 19th century into the mid-20th century. The cause became increasingly promoted by intellectuals of the Progressive Era.
An outgrowth of the school hygiene movement,the American School Hygiene Association (ASCHA) was a professional organization of physicians,dentists,administrators,nurses,and other stakeholders in the health and well-being of school children. Formed in 1906,it involved reformers and politicians of the Progressive movement era,and was active in school health and advocacy issues until its last congress in 1921.
Francis Greenwood Peabody (1847–1936) was an American Unitarian minister and theology professor at Harvard University.
Loretta C. Ford is an American nurse and the co-founder of the first nurse practitioner program. Along with pediatrician Henry Silver,Ford started the pediatric nurse practitioner program at the University of Colorado in 1965. In 1972,Ford joined the University of Rochester as founding dean of the nursing school.
Thomas S. Dee is an American economist and the Barnett Family Professor of Education at Stanford University,where he also directs the John W. Gardner Center for Youth and Their Communities.
Ruth Esther Graves King is an educational psychologist who was the first woman president of the Association of Black Psychologists. Her interest in sports led her to teach physical education. While coaching,she became interested in psychology,gaining a PhD and doctorate in education from Temple University. She has worked for government and community organizations,as well as teaching at Federal City College and Howard University and consulting. She has published two novels,and was married,with two children.
Tonda Hughes is an American professor of nursing and associate dean for global health research at the School of Nursing at Columbia University. She is best known for her research of factors influencing the health of sexual minority women,particularly in the area of substance use. Hughes is the principal investigator of the Chicago Health and Life Experiences of Women Study,the longest-running longitudinal study of sexual minority women's health,with a focus on alcohol use and mental health.
Many students attending colleges,universities,and other higher education institutions consume alcoholic beverages. The laws and social culture around this practice vary by country and institution type,and within an institution,some students may drink heavily whereas others may not drink at all. In the United States,drinking tends to be particularly associated with fraternities.
The Race Betterment Foundation was a eugenics and racial hygiene organization founded in 1914 at Battle Creek,Michigan by John Harvey Kellogg due to his concerns about what he perceived as "race degeneracy". The foundation supported conferences,publications,and the formation of a eugenics registry in cooperation with the ERO. The foundation also sponsored the Fitter Families Campaign from 1928 to the late 1930s and funded Battle Creek College. The foundation controlled the Battle Creek Food Company,which in turn served as the major source for Kellogg's eugenics programs,conferences,and Battle Creek College. In his will,Kellogg left his entire estate to the foundation. In 1947,the foundation had over $687,000 in assets. By 1967,the foundation's accounts were a mere $492.87. In 1967,the state of Michigan indicted the trustees for squandering the foundation's funds and the foundation closed.
Daniel Hartman Kress was a Canadian physician,anti-smoking activist,Seventh-day Adventist missionary and vegetarian.
