Critical psychology is a perspective on psychology that draws extensively on critical theory. Critical psychology challenges the assumptions,theories and methods of mainstream psychology and attempts to apply psychological understandings in different ways,often looking towards social change as a means of preventing and treating psychopathology.
Essentialism is the view that objects have a set of attributes that are necessary to their identity. In early Western thought,Plato's idealism held that all things have such an "essence"—an "idea" or "form". In Categories,Aristotle similarly proposed that all objects have a substance that,as George Lakoff put it,"make the thing what it is,and without which it would be not that kind of thing". The contrary view—non-essentialism—denies the need to posit such an "essence'".
An ideology is a set of beliefs or philosophies attributed to a person or group of persons,especially those held for reasons that are not purely epistemic,in which "practical elements are as prominent as theoretical ones." Formerly applied primarily to economic,political,or religious theories and policies,in a tradition going back to Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels,more recent use treats the term as mainly condemnatory.
Populism is a range of political stances that emphasize the idea of "the people" and often juxtapose this group with "the elite". It is frequently associated with anti-establishment and anti-political sentiment. The term developed in the late 19th century and has been applied to various politicians,parties and movements since that time,often as a pejorative. Within political science and other social sciences,several different definitions of populism have been employed,with some scholars proposing that the term be rejected altogether.
Ernesto Laclau was an Argentine political theorist and philosopher. He is often described as an 'inventor' of post-Marxist political theory. He is well known for his collaborations with his long-term partner,Chantal Mouffe.
Jonathan Potter is Dean of the School of Communication and Information at Rutgers University and one of the originators of discursive psychology.
Discourse analysis (DA),or discourse studies,is an approach to the analysis of written,vocal,or sign language use,or any significant semiotic event.
Seymour Martin Lipset was an American sociologist and political scientist. He was the president of the American Political Science Association. His major work was in the fields of political sociology,trade union organization,social stratification,public opinion,and the sociology of intellectual life. He also wrote extensively about the conditions for democracy in comparative perspective. A socialist in his early life,Lipset later moved to the right,and was considered to be one of the first neoconservatives.
Dan M. Kahan is the Elizabeth K. Dollard Professor of Law at Yale Law School. His professional expertise is in the fields of criminal law and evidence,and he is known for his theory of cultural cognition.
Robert Paul Abelson was a Yale University psychologist and political scientist with special interests in statistics and logic.
David A. Snow is a Distinguished Professor of Sociology at the University of California,Irvine.
Yannis Stavrakakis is a Greek–British political theorist. A member of the Essex School of discourse analysis,he is mainly known for his explorations of the importance of psychoanalytic theory for contemporary political and cultural analysis and for his discourse studies on populism.
Fathali M. Moghaddam is an Iranian-born psychologist,author,professor of psychology at Georgetown University and director of the Interdisciplinary Program in Cognitive Science (ICOS),Department of Government,Georgetown University.
Academic bias is the bias or perceived bias of scholars allowing their beliefs to shape their research and the scientific community. It can refer to several types of scholastic prejudice,e.g.,logocentrism,phonocentrism,ethnocentrism or the belief that some sciences and disciplines rank higher than others.
A critical theory is any approach to humanities and social philosophy that focuses on society and culture to attempt to reveal,critique,and challenge power structures. With roots in sociology and literary criticism,it argues that social problems stem more from social structures and cultural assumptions rather than from individuals. Some hold it to be an ideology,others argue that ideology is the principal obstacle to human liberation. Critical theory finds applications in various fields of study,including psychoanalysis,sociology,history,communication theory,philosophy and feminist theory.
Online deliberation is a broad term used to describe many forms of non-institutional,institutional and experimental online discussions. The term also describes the emerging field of practice and research related to the design,implementation and study of deliberative processes that rely on the use of electronic information and communications technologies (ICT).
Anti-politics is a term used to describe opposition to,or distrust in,traditional politics. It is closely connected with anti-establishment sentiment and public disengagement from formal politics. Anti-politics can indicate practices and actors that seek to remove political contestation from the public arena,leading to political apathy among citizens;when used this way the term is similar to depoliticisation. Alternatively,if politics is understood as encompassing all social institutions and power relations,anti-politics can mean political activity stemming from a rejection of "politics as usual".
Techno-populism is either a populism in favor of technocracy or a populism concerning certain technology –usually information technology –or any populist ideology conversed using digital media. It can be employed by single politicians or whole political movements respectively. Neighboring terms used in a similar way are technocratic populism,technological populism and cyber-populism. Italy’s Five Star Movement and France’s La République En Marche! have been described as technopopulist political movements.
Political cognition refers to the study of how individuals come to understand the political world,and how this understanding leads to political behavior. Some of the processes studied under the umbrella of political cognition include attention,interpretation,judgment,and memory. Most of the advancements in the area have been made by scholars in the fields of social psychology,political science,and communication studies.
Hande Eslen-Ziya is a Turkish-born,Norway-based sociologist and psychologist. She is Professor of Sociology and Director of the Populism,Anti-Gender and Democracy Research Group at the University of Stavanger in Norway. She has an established interest in gender and social inequalities,transnational organizations and social activism,and has a substantial portfolio of research in this field. Her research has been published in Gender,Work and Organisation,Emotion,Space and Society,Social Movement Studies,European Journal of Women’s Studies,Culture,Health and Sexuality,Leadership,Men and Masculinities,and Social Politics,as well as in other internationally recognized journals. She is known for her work on the concept of "troll science," that she describes as an alternative discourse created by right-wing populist ideologies such as the anti-gender movement in opposition to established scholarly discourse.
