Siege of Kerman

Last updated
Siege of Kerman
Part of Qajar-Zand wars
Capture and Sack of Kerman by Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar.png
Capture and Sack of Kerman by Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar.
Date1794
Location
Kerman, now in Iran
30°17′N57°05′E / 30.283°N 57.083°E / 30.283; 57.083
Result

Decisive Qajar Victory

  • Kerman gets conquered and many woman and children of the city enslaved by the Qajar forces
Belligerents
Zand Dynasty flag.svg Zand forces Flag of Agha Mohammad Khan.svg Qajar forces
Commanders and leaders
Zand Dynasty flag.svg Lotf Ali Khan Flag of Agha Mohammad Khan.svg Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar

The siege of Kerman (1794) was the capture of the city of Kerman by the Qajar forces led by Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar against Zand forces led by Lotf Ali Khan (the last Shah of the Zand dynasty) which resulted in a decisive Qajar victory. [1] After the siege, Tens of thousands were killed, blinded or taken into slavery and it took the city decades to recover. [2]

Contents

The siege

The Afghan chiefs of Bam invited Lotf Ali Khan to return and expel the Qajar yoke. With their help, Lotf Ali Khan returned to Kerman and captured the city on 30 March. [3] Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar quickly heard of this and marched towards Kerman on May 14. The siege lasted four months and took a toll on Kerman's population. The city fell on 24 October, and Lotf Ali Khan quickly fled to Bam. However, the chief of Bam gave Lotf Ali Khan to the Qajars and ordered Lotf Ali Khan to be killed. The last of the Zand rulers was finally delivered to Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar, who had long waited to exact revenge on his arch-rival. "The page of history would be stained by a recital of the indignities offered to the royal captive..." [4] It is reported that Lotf Ali Khan was blinded. Lotf Ali Khan was imprisoned and tortured in Tehran before being choked to death in the late of 1794.

Aftermath

Agha Mohammad Khan exacted a brutal revenge on the people of Kerman for harboring his enemy. All the male inhabitants were killed or blinded, and a pile was made out of 20,000 detached eyeballs and poured in front of the victorious Qajar leader. [5] The women and children were sold into slavery, and the city was destroyed over ninety days. One of the factors in the formation of this event was the incitement of Agha Mohammad Khan by Lotfali Khan Zand and his entourage. Among these provocations were the mockery of the Qajar king and the burning of his grudge more and more. Every evening, the people and women of Kermani recited poems in mockery of Agham Mohammad Khan from the towers attached to the gate, mocking his nobility. [6] Also, Lotfali Khan's act of minting a coin in his own name caused Agha Mohammad Khan , who was known as insane in the court of Karim Khan Zand, to cut off the eyes of Lotfali Khan's seven-year-old son named "Fathullah" with his hands and behead him to win. [7]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar</span> Founder of the Sublime State of Persia

Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar, also known by his regnal name of Agha Mohammad Shah, was the founder of the Qajar dynasty of Iran, ruling from 1789 to 1797 as Shah. Originally a chieftain of the Quwanlu branch of the Qajar tribe, Agha Mohammad Khan was enthroned as the king of Iran in 1789, but was not officially crowned until March 1796, having deposed Lotf Ali Khan of the Zand dynasty in 1794. Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar was famously the eunuch Monarch, being castrated as a young adult upon his capture by Adel Shah Afshar, and hence was childless. He was assassinated on 17 June 1797, and was succeeded by his nephew, Fath-Ali Shah Qajar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kerman</span> City in Kerman province, Iran

Kerman, known in ancient times as the satrapy of Carmania, is a city in the Central District of Kerman County, Kerman province, Iran, serving as capital of the province, the county and the district.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mohammad Shah Qajar</span> Shah of Iran from 1834 to 1848

Mohammad Shah was the third Qajar shah of Iran from 1834 to 1848, inheriting the throne from his grandfather, Fath-Ali Shah. From a young age, Mohammad Mirza was under the tutelage of Haji Mirza Aqasi, a local dervish from Tabriz whose teachings influenced the young prince to become a Sufi-king later in his life. After his father Abbas Mirza died in 1833, Mohammad Mirza became the crown prince of Iran and was assigned with the governorship of Azarbaijan. After the death of Fath-Ali Shah in 1834, some of his sons including Hossein Ali Mirza and Ali Mirza Zel as-Soltan rose up as claimants to the throne. With the support of English and Russian forces, Mohammad Shah suppressed the rebellious princes and asserted his authority.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fath-Ali Shah Qajar</span> Second Shah of Qajar Iran (r. 1797–1834)

Fath-Ali Shah Qajar was the second Shah (king) of Qajar Iran. He reigned from 17 June 1797 until his death on 24 October 1834. His reign saw the irrevocable ceding of Iran's northern territories in the Caucasus, comprising what is nowadays Georgia, Dagestan, Azerbaijan, and Armenia, to the Russian Empire following the Russo-Persian Wars of 1804–1813 and 1826–1828 and the resulting treaties of Gulistan and Turkmenchay. Historian Joseph M. Upton says that he "is famous among Iranians for three things: his exceptionally long beard, his wasp-like waist, and his progeny."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Karim Khan Zand</span> Founder of the Zand Dynasty (c. 1705 – 1779)

Mohammad Karim Khan Zand was the founder of the Zand Dynasty, ruling from 1751 to 1779. He ruled all of Iran (Persia) except for Khorasan. He also ruled over some of the Caucasian lands and occupied Basra for some years.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zand dynasty</span> Iranian royal dynasty, 1751–1794

The Zand dynasty was an Iranian dynasty, founded by Karim Khan Zand that initially ruled southern and central Iran in the 18th century. It later quickly came to expand to include much of the rest of contemporary Iran as well as parts of Iraq. The lands of present-day Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia were controlled by khanates which were de jure part of the Zand realm, but the region was de facto autonomous. The island of Bahrain was also held for the Zands by the autonomous Al-Mazkur sheikhdom of Bushire.

Abol-Fath Khan Zand was the third Shah of the Zand dynasty, ruling from March 6, 1779, until August 22, 1779.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jafar Khan</span> Shah of Iran, 1785 to 1789

Jafar Khan Zand, was the seventh shah (king) of the Zand dynasty of Iran from 1785 to 1789. He was the son of Sadiq Khan Zand, who was removed from the throne in Shiraz by Ali Murad Khan, who had previously taken Isfahan for himself.

Quest of Persia is a Persian action-adventure video game series. The first Game of the series “The End of Innocence” was released in September 2005. "Lotfali Khan Zand" was released in May 2008.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mohammad Hasan Khan Qajar</span>

Mohammad Hasan Khan Qajar, also spelled Muhammad and Hassan (1715–1759), chief of the Qoyunlu branch of the Qajar tribe of Turkomans in the Caspian coastlands around Astarabad, was the son of Fath Ali Khan and the father of Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar, who founded the Qajar dynasty of Iran.

Ebrahim Khan Zahir od-Dowleh was an Iranian statesman from the Qajar dynasty. He is mostly known for his 22-year-old governorship of the Kerman Province (1803-1824).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hajji Ebrahim Shirazi</span> First Grand vizier of Qajar Iran

Hajji Ebrahim Shirazi, also known by his honorific title E'temad ol-Dowleh, was an Iranian statesman who served as the kalantar of the city of Shiraz during the late Zand era and later as the first grand vizier of Qajar Iran.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lotf Ali Khan</span> Shah of Iran, 1789 to 1794

Lotf Ali Khan was the last Shah of the Zand dynasty. He ruled from 1789 to 1794.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Qajar Iran</span> Country in Western Asia (1789–1925)

Qajar Iran, also referred to as Qajar Persia, the Qajar Empire, Sublime State of Persia, officially the Sublime State of Iran and also known as the Guarded Domains of Iran, was an Iranian state ruled by the Qajar dynasty, which was of Turkic origin, specifically from the Qajar tribe, from 1789 to 1925. The Qajar family took full control of Iran in 1794, deposing Lotf 'Ali Khan, the last Shah of the Zand dynasty, and re-asserted Iranian sovereignty over large parts of the Caucasus. In 1796, Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar seized Mashhad with ease, putting an end to the Afsharid dynasty. He was formally crowned as Shah after his punitive campaign against Iran's Georgian subjects.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Morteza Qoli Khan Qajar</span>

Morteza Qoli Khan Qajar - was a prince of Persia's Qajar dynasty, and the brother of Agha Mohammad Khan. A protégé of the Russian Empire, he lived in St. Petersburg at the end of the reign of Catherine II.

Hossein Qoli Khan Qajar was the Qajar chieftain of the Qoyunlu branch from 1759 till his death in 1777 and brother of the founder of the Qajar dynasty of Iran Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar.

Hedayat-Allah Khan was a Gilaki prince, who was the semi-independent ruler of Gilan from 1753 to 1786.

Mohammad Khan Zand was the son of Zaki Khan and the last claimant of the Zand dynasty in Iran during the 18th century..

Ali-Qoli Khan Qajar was a son of Mohammad Hasan Khan Qajar and half-brother of Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar, the founder of the Qajar dynasty of Iran. Unlike Agha Mohammad Khan's full brothers, Ali-Qoli Khan served loyally from the outset and supported, for around twenty years, Agha Mohammad Khan's conquest for control over all of Iran. Following Agha Mohammad Khan's assassination in 1797, he unsuccessfully tried to claim himself as his brother's rightful successor. Ali-Qoli Khan was eventually blinded and exiled by his nephew Baba Khan, who would ascend the Iranian throne as Fath-Ali Shah Qajar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fath-Ali Khan Saba</span>

Fath-Ali Khan Saba was a court poet under Fath-Ali Shah Qajar, who dedicated an imitation of the Persian epic poem Shahnameh to him, entitled Shahanshah-nameh.

References

  1. Shahnavaz, Parinaz (1982). "Struggle for supremacy between the Zands and the Qajars, 1193-1209 A.H. / 1779-1794 A.D.: a society in transition". University of Edinburgh.
  2. Smith, Hilary; Oleynik, Maria (10 January 2017). Iran. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 272. ISBN   9781784770211.
  3. Shahnavaz, Parinaz (1982). "Struggle for supremacy between the Zands and the Qajars, 1193-1209 A.H. / 1779-1794 A.D.: a society in transition". University of Edinburgh.
  4. Malcolm, John (1829). The History of Persia. Vol. II.
  5. Hasan Pir Nia, A. Eghbal Ashtiani, History of Persia (Tarikh-i Iran), ISBN   964-6895-16-6, Tehran, 2003, p. 655
  6. گلابزاده، ۲۰ هزار جفت چشم، فرش قرمز خان قاجار.رده:مقاله‌هایی که تجمیع ارجاع در آن‌ها ممنوع است
  7. گلابزاده، ۲۰ هزار جفت چشم، فرش قرمز خان قاجار.رده:مقاله‌هایی که تجمیع ارجاع در آن‌ها ممنوع است