Soldier of Fortune (magazine)

Last updated

Soldier of Fortune
Soldier of fortune cover sept95.gif
September 1995 cover
Editor/Publisher Susan Katz Keating
Categories paramilitary
FrequencyDaily web magazine
Founded1975
CompanySoldier of Fortune [1]
CountryUnited States
Based in Tampa, Florida
Language English, many others
Website www.sofmag.com

Soldier of Fortune (SOF), subtitled The Journal of Professional Adventurers, is a daily web magazine owned and published by Susan Katz Keating. It began as a monthly U.S. periodical published from 1975 to 2016 as a magazine devoted to worldwide reporting of wars, including conventional warfare, low-intensity warfare, counter-insurgency, and counter-terrorism. It was published by Omega Group Ltd., based in Boulder, Colorado. In May 2022, author, editor, and security journalist Susan Katz Keating bought the publication from the founder, Robert K. Brown. [2] [3]

Contents

History

Soldier of Fortune magazine was founded in 1975, by Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Army Reserve, (Ret.) Robert K. Brown, who served with Special Forces in Vietnam. [4] After retiring from active duty, Brown began publishing a “circular”, magazine-type publication with few pages which contained information on mercenary employment in Oman, where the Sultan Qaboos had recently deposed his father and was battling a communist insurgency. Brown's small circular soon evolved into a glossy, large-format, full-color magazine.

Significant to the early development of SOF was its recruitment of foreign nationals to serve in the Rhodesian Security Forces, during the Rhodesian Bush War (1964–79). [5] [6] By 1976, Soldier of Fortune was selling 120, 000 copies per month, making it into one of the most popular American magazines of the 1970s. [7] Soldier of Fortune was ostensibly intended for mercenaries and "professional adventurers", but Brown admitted that the majority of the readers of Soldier of Fortune were the "Walter Mitty market", referring to weak, insecure men who merely fantasized about being macho mercenaries. [7] The American historian Kyle Burke described the popularity of Soldier of Fortune as due to a white male backlash against the rise of feminism and the rise of civil rights movement as he noted that the majority of the readers of Soldier of Fortune were white men who resented feminists and "uppity" non-white people, especially Afro-Americans. [8] The stories in Soldier of Fortune describing with great relish how a mere handful of white mercenaries could almost effortlessly defeat hordes of black guerrillas were thinly veiled racist fantasies that were meant to establish the superiority of white men over black men. [9] Likewise, the stories in Soldier of Fortune celebrated the machismo and womanizing of the mercenary sub-culture as the male ideal. [8]

Burke described Brown as a "passionate supporter" of the white supremacist government of Rhodesia, and Soldier of Fortune glorified Rhodesia as a place where it was still possible to be "Be a Man Among Men". [10] From 1972 onward, the white supremacist government of Rhodesia was engaged in a war against the black guerrillas of the Soviet-backed Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) and the Chinese-backed Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA). A major problem for Rhodesia was the black population vastly outnumbered the white population, and furthermore most of the white population of Rhodesia had only arrived in the years 1955-1960, meaning their roots in Rhodesia were not that deep. [11] During the Bush War, about 13, 395 whites left Rhodesia annually, which were losses that Rhodesia could ill afford given the small number of whites compared to blacks. [11] Likewise, the "white flight" caused by the Bush War led to the Rhodesian Army having significant problems in maintaining enough white soldiers to continue the war. [12] The Rhodesian military had much difficulty in replacing men killed or wounded in the war, and by 1977 the Rhodesian security forces had been pushed to their breaking point by manpower shortages. [12] By 1977, the Rhodesian security forces were on the defensive and had been forced to cede control of vast areas of rural Rhodesia to the ZIPRA and ZANLA guerrillas owing to manpower shortages. [12] Rhodesia was trapped in a vicious circle as the Rhodesian forces lost control more and more of the countryside, more and more whites chose to leave, and as the "white flight" continued, the more the Rhodesians continued to lose. [13] Unlike South Africa whose white population was both larger and longer established, Rhodesia was highly dependent upon recruiting white men from aboard to replace its losses in the war. Brown had been inspired to found Soldier of Fortune in 1975 after a visit to Rhodesia where an American friend, a veteran of the Vietnam war who was now serving the para-military British South Africa Police (which despite its name was the police force of Rhodesia) who told him that Rhodesia was losing the war because of a shortage of white manpower. [7]

Brown was well aware that Rhodesia was losing the Bush War and used Soldier of Fortune as a forum to recruit soldiers for Rhodesia. [14] Brown worked closely with the chief recruiting officer of the Rhodesian Army, Major Nick Lamprecht, on using Soldier of Fortune to recruit white American men for the Rhodesian Army. [10] Lamprecht wrote in an article in Soldier of Fortune urging white American men to come to fight for Rhodesia, writing that: "Rhodesia has many things to offer. Good Rhodesian beer, a friendly populace, and what I would describe as a free and easy, unhurried way of life, lots of wide open spaces". [10] As a further inducement, Lamprecht promised that it would be easy for single white men to find a suitable wife in Rhodesia. [10] The stories about Rhodesia in Soldier of Fortune depicted Rhodesia as a paradise where women and black people still knew their place as the articles urged their readers to enlist in the Rhodesian Army in order to defend Rhodesia against the black guerrillas. [10] One story about Rhodesia stated: "What we have here is an ideal core of white people who are able to raise the standards of living among the Africans. Without us, conditions will decline rapidly". [10]

The quality of recruits that came to Rhodesia varied widely. Some such as L.H. "Mike" Williams and Michael Pierce, both veterans of the U.S. Army who had fought in Vietnam, had successful careers in the Rhodesian Army. [15] One of the first Americans to go to Rhodesia was John Alan Corey, a veteran of the Vietnam war who joined the Rhodesian Light Infantry Regiment and who was killed in action in July 1975. [16] Corey was celebrated as a martyr for freedom in an article in Soldier of Fortune which approvingly published an excerpt from a letter written by Corey shortly before his death where he declared: "Since coming to Rhodesia, I have often heard people remark that it's "inevitable" for this country and all of southern Africa to follow the 'winds of change' and go the same way as the other former colonies to the north. This is rubbish and only indicates a lack of fighting spirit, guts and the will to rule a civilization built by better men". [16] The reference to the "winds of change" in Corey's letter was to a speech given by the British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan in 1960 in South Africa where he stated that a "wind of change" was sweeping across Africa and that the apartheid system was doomed. However, the majority of the Americans who went to Rhodesia were not veterans of the Vietnam war nor had they served in the U.S. military, and the majority of men who had never seen war before flinched in the face of its horrors and chose to desert. [16] One article in Soldier of Fortune in 1979 complained: "The majority found the routine too rough to last more than a few months. The desertion rate among the American citizens who have joined the Rhodesian Army over the last two years is estimated to run at about 80 percent". [16]

During the late 1970s and the 1980s, the success and popularity of a military magazine such as SOF led to the proliferation of like magazines such as Survive, Gung Ho!, New Breed, Eagle, Combat Illustrated, Special Weapons and Tactics, and Combat Ready. SOF was published by the Omega Group Ltd., in Boulder, Colorado. [17] At the height of its circulation in the early 1980s the magazine had 190,000 subscribers. [18] In the 1980s, Soldier of Fortune ran ads promising to take Americans to fight in Afghanistan, but few relatively actually went. [19] The city of Peshawar on the Khyber Pass that forms one of the main routes into Afghanistan along the Afghan-Pakistani border was described being full of Americans who were "Walter Mitty types" who talked loudly of coming into Afghanistan. [19] All of the available evidence suggests that only a small number of the American volunteers actually crossed the border as opposed to talking about crossing the frontier, and of those did crossed the frontier a even a smaller number survived Afghanistan and return. [19] More successful for Soldier of Fortune was its efforts to promote Americans to assist the Contra rebels against the Sandinista regime in Nicaragua, in part of geographical proximity and in part because the Central Intelligence Agency was more encouraging of American volunteers for the Contras. [19] At a time when the Boland Amendment was in effect, which banned American assistance to the Contras, in May 1985 General John K. Singlaub recruited Brown to use Soldier of Fortune to in turn recruit Americans who as private citizens would train and arm the Contras. [20] The assignment was meant to provide the Reagan administration with the necessary "plausible deniability" that it was not attempting to circumvent Congress, which had banned assistance to the Contras. Singlaub had retired from the U.S. Army in 1979, but he was working unofficially for the National Security Council in the 1980s, which he bombarded with various plans to overthrow the Sandinistas. [21] Brown accepted the assignment and recruited several of the mercenaries whom he recruited to fight for Rhodesia in the 1970s to go with him to Honduras to train the Contras. [20] Brown and his assorted mercenaries went to Camp Las Vegas on the Nicaraguan-Honduran border along with a consignment of arms from the United States. [22] Brown said of the Contras "these people had no military training at all" and stated his mission "could hardly be called a resounding success" as all of the Contras he had trained as spies were captured by the Sandinistas and executed. [23] The Contra war in Nicaragua was covered extensively in Soldier of Fortune in the 1980s, but Brown did not mention that he had been hired to train the Contras and instead presented himself and the other mercenaries as journalists covering the war. [23] The April 2016 issue of Soldier of Fortune was the final print edition; further editions have been published online. [24] [25]

The magazine currently is published by Soldier of Fortune LLC, owned by Susan Katz Keating, and is based in Tampa, Florida. [26]

In the online magazine, publisher Keating revived original reporting, and sent correspondents into the field in Ukraine, Serbia, Israel, and along the southern U.S. border with Mexico. She introduced a new section entitled The Fire Pit, wherein readers submit personal stories of war and adventure. [27] Among those whose stories appear in the section are Gen.(Ret) Scott Miller, formerly the four-star general in charge of U.S. forces in Afghanistan [28] and Jan Scruggs, founder of the Vietnam Memorial Wall, [29] along with numerous warfighters and veterans. [30]

The magazine gained publicity in July 2023 when Keating published her investigative series on the cocaine packet that was discovered inside the Biden White House. [31] The articles were picked up by Radar Online, [32] the New York Post, [33] and other outlets.

"Gun for Hire" lawsuits

During the late 1980s, Soldier of Fortune under Robert K. Brown was sued in civil court several times for having published classified advertisements by private "guns for hire." In 1987, Norman Norwood of Arkansas sued SOF magazine because of injuries he suffered during a murder attempt by two men hired via a "Gun for Hire" advertisement in the magazine. The magazine settled the lawsuit out of court.

On February 20, 1985, John Wayne Hearn shot and killed Sandra Black for a $10,000 payment from her husband, Robert Vannoy Black Jr. Black connected with Hearn through a classified advertisement published in Soldier of Fortune, wherein Hearn solicited "high-risk assignments. U.S. or overseas." In 1989, Sandra Black's son Gary and her mother Marjorie Eimann filed a wrongful-death lawsuit against SOF magazine and its parent publishing company Omega Group Ltd., seeking $21 million in redress of their grievance.

The jury found the defendants grossly negligent in publishing Hearn's ad for implicit illegal activity (murder) and awarded the plaintiffs $9.5 million in damages. In 1990, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit reversed the verdict, saying that the standard of conduct imposed upon the magazine was too high because the advertisement was ambiguously worded. [34] [35]

In 1989, four men were convicted of conspiracy to murder in the 1985 contract killing of Richard Braun of Atlanta, Georgia. The killers were hired through a classified services advertisement published in SOF magazine that read: "GUN FOR HIRE." Braun's sons filed a civil lawsuit against the magazine, and a jury found in their favor, awarding them $12.37 million in damages, which the judge later reduced to $4.37 million. In 1992, the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit upheld the judgment of the jury, saying "the publisher could recognize the offer of criminal activity as readily as its readers did." [36] The following year, the United States Supreme Court upheld the previous verdict and refused to hear the case. [37] The magazine subsequently suspended publication of classified advertisements.

In 2022, publisher Keating affirmed that under her watch, the magazine would not publish such advertisements.

Editors

Notable contributors

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rhodesia</span> Unrecognised state in Southern Africa (1965–1979)

Rhodesia, officially from 1970 the Republic of Rhodesia, was an unrecognised state in Southern Africa from 1965 to 1979. Rhodesia was the de facto successor state to the British colony of Southern Rhodesia, and in 1980 became modern day Zimbabwe. Southern Rhodesia had been self-governing since achieving responsible government in 1923. A landlocked nation, Rhodesia was bordered by Botswana to the southwest, Mozambique to the east, South Africa to the south, and Zambia to the northwest. From 1965 to 1979, Rhodesia was one of two independent states on the African continent governed by a white minority of European descent and culture, the other being South Africa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mercenary</span> Soldier who fights for hire

A mercenary, also called a merc, soldier of fortune, or hired gun, is a private individual who joins an armed conflict for personal profit, is otherwise an outsider to the conflict, and is not a member of any other official military. Mercenaries fight for money or other forms of payment rather than for political interests.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mad Mike Hoare</span> Irish military officer and mercenary (1919–2020)

Thomas Michael "Mad Mike" Hoare was a British military officer and mercenary who fought during the Simba rebellion and was involved in carrying out the 1981 Seychelles coup d'état attempt.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Selous Scouts</span> Rhodesian Army special forces unit

The Selous Scouts was a special forces unit of the Rhodesian Army that operated during the Rhodesian Bush War from 1973 until the reconstitution of the country as Zimbabwe in 1980. It was mainly responsible for infiltrating the black majority population of Rhodesia and collecting intelligence on insurgents so that they could be attacked by regular elements of the security forces. The unit did this by forming small teams that posed as insurgents and usually included captured insurgents. Over time, the Selous Scouts increasingly attacked insurgents themselves and operated in the countries that neighboured Rhodesia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marvin Liebman</span>

Marvin Liebman was an American conservative activist and fundraiser, and later in his life, a gay rights advocate.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rhodesian Bush War</span> 1964–1979 conflict in Southern Africa

The Rhodesian Bush War, also called the Second Chimurenga as well as the Zimbabwean War of Liberation, was a civil conflict from July 1964 to December 1979 in the unrecognised country of Rhodesia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">British South Africa Police</span> Rhodesian police force

The British South Africa Police (BSAP) was, for most of its existence, the police force of Southern Rhodesia and Rhodesia. It was formed as a paramilitary force of mounted infantrymen in 1889 by Cecil Rhodes' British South Africa Company, from which it took its original name, the British South Africa Company's Police. Initially run directly by the company, it began to operate independently in 1896, at which time it also dropped "Company's" from its name. It thereafter served as Rhodesia's regular police force, retaining its name, until 1980, when it was superseded by the Zimbabwe Republic Police, soon after the country's reconstitution into Zimbabwe in April that year.

Lieutenant Colonel Robert K. Brown is an American combat correspondent, investigative journalist, and founder and former editor/publisher of Soldier of Fortune magazine (SOF), a magazine which reports on various armed confrontations around the world, as well as on new weapons and other military technology. Brown was also president of Omega Group Ltd, which was the parent group of SOF.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Robert C. MacKenzie</span> American professional soldier and mercenary

Robert Callen MacKenzie was an American professional soldier whose career included service as an infantryman in the United States Army during the Vietnam War, the C Squadron 22 (Rhodesian) SAS, the South African Defence Force, and the Transkei Defense Force.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rhodesian Security Forces</span> Security forces of the state of Rhodesia (1964–80)

The Rhodesian Security Forces were the military forces of the Rhodesian government. The Rhodesian Security Forces consisted of a ground force, the Rhodesian Air Force, the British South Africa Police, and various personnel affiliated to the Rhodesian Ministry of Internal Affairs. Despite the impact of economic and diplomatic sanctions, Rhodesia was able to develop and maintain a potent and professional military capability.

Michael Dick Echanis was an American enlisted soldier and self-styled "soldier of fortune". In 1970, he served briefly in "C" Company, 75th Ranger Regiment Infantry in Vietnam. Echanis then made his living as a martial artist, writer and editor. He was the martial arts editor for the magazine Soldier of Fortune (SOF) from 1974 to 1976. He died while working as a private security contractor in Nicaragua at the behest of the Nicaraguan National Guard. This was reported by SOF in an article published after the incident.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Police Support Unit</span> Paramilitary wing of the Zimbabwe Republic Police

The Police Support Unit, also known by their nickname of the Black Boots, is a paramilitary wing of the Zimbabwe Republic Police. They were founded as a native police force but later developed into a counter-insurgency unit of the British South Africa Police in Rhodesia during the Rhodesian Bush War. The unit was the only paramilitary unit retained by the Zimbabwe Republic Police after the country's reconstitution as Zimbabwe.

There were a number of American volunteers in the Rhodesian Bush War who fought with the Rhodesian Security Forces. These men were nick-named the Crippled Eagles by author Robin Moore, who offered a house in Salisbury as a meeting place for the Americans who served in all units of the security forces, but never had their own unit. The name "Crippled Eagle" and their badge was meant to symbolise what they considered their abandonment by the US government. Robin Moore and Barbara Fuca tried to publish a book with the same title, but because of the political controversy the book was refused by publishers and appeared only in 1991, when it was published as The White Tribe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John Alan Coey</span> American-Rhodesian soldier and medic (1950–1975)

John Alan Coey was a U.S. Marine who served in the Rhodesian Army as one of "the Crippled Eagles", a loosely organised group of U.S. expatriates fighting for the unrecognized government of Rhodesia during that country's Bush War. A devout Christian, vitriolic anti-communist, he was the first American fatality of the war. He moved to Rhodesia to join its army in 1972, the day after graduating from college in his home town of Columbus, Ohio, and served until he was killed in action in 1975. He kept a journal throughout his service that was posthumously published as A Martyr Speaks.

The Bullet Troop-Carrying Vehicle (TCV) is a light 4x4 infantry fighting vehicle (IFV) developed by Rhodesia in the late 1970s based on the body of the Mercedes-Benz Unimog light truck.

The Crocodile Armoured Personnel Carrier or "Croc" is a Rhodesian armoured personnel carrier first introduced in 1977 and based on Japanese commercial heavy-duty trucks' chassis. It remains in use with the Zimbabwe National Army (ZNA).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">7 Independent Company (Rhodesia)</span> Military unit

7 Independent Company was a short-lived company of francophone volunteers in the Rhodesian Army during the Rhodesian Bush War. Numbering about 200 men at its peak, it was unique in the history of the Rhodesian Army as an exclusively expatriate unit. It existed between November 1977 and May 1978 as a company in the 1st Battalion, the Rhodesia Regiment, and served two counter-insurgency tours on Operation Hurricane in north-eastern Rhodesia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Southern Rhodesia in World War I</span> The territorys contributions during the Great War

When the United Kingdom declared war on Germany at the start of World War I in August 1914, settler society in Southern Rhodesia, then administered by the British South Africa Company, received the news with great patriotic enthusiasm. The Company administrator, Sir William Milton, wired the UK government, "All Rhodesia ... ready to do its duty". Although it supported Britain, the company was concerned about the possible financial implications for its chartered territory should it make direct commitments to the war effort, particularly at first, so most of the colony's contribution to the war was made by Southern Rhodesians individually—not only those who volunteered to fight abroad, but also those who remained at home and raised funds to donate food, equipment and other supplies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Southern Rhodesia in World War II</span> Southern Rhodesia in World War II

Southern Rhodesia, then a self-governing colony of the United Kingdom that is located in the now-independent Zimbabwe, entered World War II along with Britain shortly after the invasion of Poland in 1939. By the war's end, 26,121 Southern Rhodesians of all races had served in the armed forces, 8,390 of them overseas, operating in the European theatre, the Mediterranean and Middle East theatre, East Africa, Burma and elsewhere. The territory's most important contribution to the war is commonly held to be its contribution to the Empire Air Training Scheme (EATS), under which 8,235 British, Commonwealth and Allied airmen were trained in Southern Rhodesian flying schools. The colony's operational casualties numbered 916 killed and 483 wounded of all races.

The Rhodesian government actively recruited white personnel from other countries from the mid-1970s until 1980 to address manpower shortages in the Rhodesian Security Forces during the Rhodesian Bush War. It is estimated that between 800 and 2,000 foreign volunteers enlisted. The issue attracted a degree of controversy as Rhodesia was the subject of international sanctions that banned military assistance due to its illegal declaration of independence and the control which the small white minority exerted over the country. The volunteers were often labelled as mercenaries by opponents of the Rhodesian regime, though the Rhodesian government did not regard or pay them as such.

References

  1. ↑ Omega First Amendment Legal Fund, All Business, allbusiness.com
  2. ↑ "Soldier of Fortune Founder Robert K. Brown Passes the Torch to New Publisher After 47 Years". Soldier of Fortune Magazine. May 6, 2022. Retrieved May 7, 2022.
  3. ↑ "A Message From SOF Publisher SKK: A Tribute to RKB, and Looking Ahead". Soldier of Fortune Magazine. May 6, 2022. Retrieved May 7, 2022.
  4. ↑ Robert K. Brown Archived June 10, 2008, at the Wayback Machine , Biography, National Rifle Association
  5. ↑ Ward Churchill, "U.S. Mercenaries in Southern Africa: The Recruiting Network and U.S. Policy", Africa Today , Vol. 27, No. 2, External Intervention in Africa (2nd Qtr., 1980), pp. 21–46
  6. ↑ James Taulbee, "Soldiers of fortune: A legal leash for the dogs of war?", Defense & Security Analysis, 1475-1801, Volume 1, Issue 3, 1985, pp. 187–203
  7. 1 2 3 Burke 2018, p. 108.
  8. 1 2 Burke 2018, p. 109-110.
  9. ↑ Burke 2018, p. 109-112.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Burke 2018, p. 109.
  11. 1 2 Brownell 2008, p. 595.
  12. 1 2 3 Brownell 2008, p. 601-602.
  13. ↑ Brownell 2008, p. 602.
  14. ↑ Burke 2018, p. 108-109.
  15. ↑ Burke 2018, p. 112.
  16. 1 2 3 4 Burke 2018, p. 113.
  17. ↑ "Contact Us Archived 2011-09-30 at the Wayback Machine ." Soldier of Fortune. Retrieved September 24, 2011. "2135 11th St. Boulder, CO 80303"
  18. ↑ Meany, Thomas (August 1, 2019) "White Power." London Review of Books, Vol 41, No 15. Page 5.
  19. 1 2 3 4 Burke 2018, p. 177.
  20. 1 2 Burke 2018, p. 144.
  21. ↑ Burke 2018, p. 143-144.
  22. ↑ Burke 2018, p. 144-145.
  23. 1 2 Burke 2018, p. 145.
  24. ↑ "Soldier of Fortune magazine to stop publishing after 40 years". Guns.com. March 1, 2016. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
  25. ↑ The Internet Claims Another Victim – ‘Soldier of Fortune’ Magazine To Cease Hard Copy Publication, Go Digital Only Soldiers Systems. Retrieved March 9, 2016.
  26. ↑ "Contact Us
  27. ↑ "The Fire Pit: New Section Featuring Stories of Fortune, Lore, and More". June 28, 2022.
  28. ↑ "General (Ret) Scott Miller: In the Battle of Mogadishu, We Had Extreme Trust in One Another Amid Chaos". November 11, 2023.
  29. ↑ "Creating The Vietnam Wall Was 'a Minor Miracle': Jan Scruggs Credits Veterans for Building Their Own Memorial". November 11, 2023.
  30. ↑ "The Fire Pit". Soldier of Fortune Magazine.
  31. ↑ "White House Cocaine Probe: Questions for the FBI". July 17, 2023.
  32. ↑ Johnson, Aaron (July 22, 2023). "White House Cocaine Culprit ID'd as 'Someone in the Biden Family Orbit,' Top Security Reporter Sensationally Claims — But Also Declares: 'It Wasn't Hunter'". RadarOnline.
  33. ↑ King, Ryan (August 8, 2023). "White House cocaine belonged to 'Biden family orbit': report".
  34. ↑ Award in Case of Killer Hired by Ad Is Overturned, Associated Press, August 18, 1989
  35. ↑ "Transcript of the Fifth Circuit's decision in Eimann v. SOF" . Retrieved May 30, 2020.
  36. ↑ Smothers, Ronald, Soldier of Fortune Magazine Held Liable for Killer's Ad, New York Times, August 19, 1992
  37. ↑ Davud G. Savage (January 12, 1993). "Magazine Held Responsible for Ad That Led to Slaying : Publishing: Justices let stand the $4.3-million award against Soldier of Fortune for a 'Gun for Hire' listing". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 19, 2024.
  38. ↑ Clausing, Jeri (March 2, 1988). "Jurors trying to decide whether Soldier of Fortune should..." UPI .

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.