Thalictrum thalictroides

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Thalictrum thalictroides
Rue Anemone Thalictrum thalictroides Flower 2479px.jpg
Status TNC G5.svg
Secure  (NatureServe) [1]
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Ranunculales
Family: Ranunculaceae
Genus: Thalictrum
Species:
T. thalictroides
Binomial name
Thalictrum thalictroides
Synonyms
  • Anemone thalictroides L.
  • Anemonella thalictroides (L.) Spach

Thalictrum thalictroides (syn. Anemonella thalictroides), the rue-anemone [2] or windflower, [1] is a herbaceous perennial plant native to woodland in eastern North America. It has white or pink flowers surrounded by a whorl of leaflets, and it blooms in spring.

Contents

Description

A flora of North America (Table 44) (7361638674) A flora of North America (Table 44) (7361638674).jpg
A flora of North America (Table 44) (7361638674)

Thalictrum thalictroides is a hairless plant growing from a cluster of tuberous roots, with upright stems 10 to 30 cm (4 to 12 in) tall that end with flowers. The basal leaves have petioles (leaf stalks) 10–30 cm (4–12 in) long and leaf blades that are two times ternately compound. The leaflets are widely rounded in shape and the ends are three lobed. [3]

It flowers in spring, with flowers are borne singly or in umbel-like inflorescences with 3 to 6 flowers. [3] The flowers have short stems that hold the fully opened flowers above the foliage. The involucral bracts have three leaflets like the leaves. The showy rounded flowers have 4-15 carpels surrounded by many yellow stamens in the middle, and a cup of 5 to 10 white to pinkish-lilac petal-like sepals. [4] [5] The sepals are about 5 to 18 mm (3⁄16 to 11⁄16 in) long and the filaments 3–4 mm (1⁄8–3⁄16 in) long. [3]

In late spring, 3 to 4.5 mm (1⁄8 to 3⁄16 in) long, ovoid to fusiform shaped fruits called achenes are released. The green achenes have 8 to 10 prominent veins and become dark brown when ripe. [3]

The Latin specific epithet thalictroides is in reference to the plant's leaves that look similar to meadow rue. [6]

Taxonomy

Thalictrum thalictroides (L.) Eames & B. Boivin Rue anemone.tiff

Originally described as Anemone thalictroides by Linnaeus in 1753, it was transferred to a new, monospecific genus, Anemonella, by Édouard Spach in 1839. [7] Although similar to plants in the genus Thalictrum, Sprach considered the diminutive size, umbelliform inflorescence, and tuberous roots of this species to be distinctive enough to designate a new genus. Bernard Boivin considered this distinction suspect, and transferred the species to the genus Thalictrum in 1957. [8] Molecular evidence supports the placement of the species within Thalictrum, [9] and this placement is accepted by several modern treatments, [3] although The Plant List retains it in Anemonella. [10]

Distribution and habitat

It typically inhabits banks and thickets in low-lying deciduous woodland, at 0–300 m (0–984 ft). [11] Distribution is mainly in the north eastern United States, and Ontario in Canada.

Similar species

The rue-anemone is often confused with the similar species, the false rue-anemone ( Enemion biternatum ). Both plants have white flowers that appear in early spring and grow in wooded areas. However, the false rue-anemone is more likely to be found in moist bottomlands and can form large colonies, while the rue-anemone grows singly on wooded slopes. Sometimes rue-anemone sepals are pale to dark pink, whereas false rue-anemone sepals are always white. The false rue-anemone holds its flowers in leaf axils, most often singly. In contrast, the flowers of a rue-anemone appear in a cluster above a whorl of leaf-like bracts, most often in groups of three to six. While false rue-anemones always have five sepals, rue-anemones can have five to ten sepals. [12] False rue-anemones have a small cluster of no more than six green carpels in the center of the flower, while rue-anemones sometimes have as many as fifteen. False rue-anemones usually have deep clefts in their leaves, while rue-anemones do not. [13]

Related Research Articles

<i>Anemone</i> Genus of flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae

Anemone is a genus of flowering plants in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae. Plants of the genus are commonly called windflowers. They are native to the temperate and subtropical regions of all continents except Australia, New Zealand and Antarctica. The genus is closely related to several other genera including Anemonoides, Anemonastrum, Hepatica, and Pulsatilla. Some botanists include these genera within Anemone.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ranunculaceae</span> Family of eudicot flowering plants

Ranunculaceae is a family of over 2,000 known species of flowering plants in 43 genera, distributed worldwide.

<i>Hepatica</i> Genus of flowering plants in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae

Hepatica is a genus of herbaceous perennials in the buttercup family, native to central and northern Europe, Asia and eastern North America. Some botanists include Hepatica within a wider interpretation of Anemone.

<i>Anemonoides nemorosa</i> Species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae

Anemonoides nemorosa, the wood anemone, is an early-spring flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae, native to Europe. Other common names include windflower, European thimbleweed, and smell fox, an allusion to the musky smell of the leaves. It is a perennial herbaceous plant growing 5–15 cm (2–6 in) tall.

<i>Thalictrum</i> Genus of flowering plants in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae

Thalictrum is a genus of 120-200 species of herbaceous perennial flowering plants in the buttercup family, Ranunculaceae, native mostly to temperate regions. Meadow-rue is a common name for plants in this genus.

<i>Hibbertia</i> Genus of flowering plants

Hibbertia, commonly known as guinea flowers, is a genus of flowering plants in the family Dilleniaceae. They are usually shrubs with simple leaves and usually yellow flowers with five sepals and five petals. There are about 400 species, most of which occur in Australia but a few species occur in New Guinea, New Caledonia, Fiji and Madagascar.

<i>Anemonoides quinquefolia</i> Species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae

Anemonoides quinquefolia, a flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae, is native to North America. It is commonly called wood anemone or windflower, not to be confused with Anemonoides nemorosa, a closely related European species also known by these common names. The specific epithet quinquefolia means "five-leaved", which is a misnomer since each leaf has just three leaflets. A plant typically has a single, small white flower with 5 sepals.

<i>Caulophyllum thalictroides</i> Species of flowering plant

Caulophyllum thalictroides, the blue cohosh, is a species of flowering plant in the Berberidaceae (barberry) family. It is a medium-tall perennial with blue berry-like fruits and bluish-green foliage. The common name cohosh is probably from an Algonquian word meaning "rough". The Greek-derived genus name Caulophyllum signifies "stem-leaf", while the specific name thalictroides references the similarity between the large highly divided, multiple-compound leaves of meadow-rues and those of blue cohosh.

<i>Anemonastrum canadense</i> Species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae

Anemonastrum canadense, synonym Anemone canadensis, the Canada anemone, round-headed anemone, round-leaf thimbleweed, meadow anemone, windflower, or crowfoot, is a herbaceous perennial flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae. It is native to moist meadows, thickets, streambanks, and lakeshores in North America, spreading rapidly by underground rhizomes. It is valued for its white flowers.

<i>Anemonastrum narcissiflorum</i> Species of flowering plant

Anemonastrum narcissiflorum, the narcissus anemone or narcissus-flowered anemone, is a herbaceous perennial in the genus Anemonastrum and the buttercup family. Basionym: Anemone narcissiflora Hook. & Arn.

<i>Thalictrum dioicum</i> Species of flowering plant

Thalictrum dioicum, the early meadow-rue or quicksilver-weed, is a species of herbaceous plants in the family Ranunculaceae. Plants are typically upright growing woodland natives from Colorado Rocky Mountain forests to central and eastern North America including parts of south eastern Canada. This species has dioecious plants, with male and female flowers on separate plants blooming in early to mid spring.

<i>Anemonastrum deltoideum</i> Species of flowering plant

Anemonastrum deltoideum, also known by the common names Columbian windflower and western white anemone, is a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae. It is native to the forests of the west coast of the United States. This is a rhizomatous perennial herb growing between 10 and 30 centimeters tall. There is usually a single basal leaf which is divided into three large toothed leaflets, each up to 6 centimeters long. There may be more leaves along the mostly naked stem which are similar in appearance to the leaflets on the basal leaf. The inflorescence has three leaflike bracts and a single flower. The flower has no petals but five petal-like white sepals each one to two centimeters long. There are up to 120 whiskery stamens and many pistils. The fruit is a cluster of spherical achenes.

<i>Anemonoides oregana</i> Species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae

Anemonoides oregana is a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family known by the common names blue windflower, Oregon anemone, and western wood anemone. It is native to the forests of Washington, Oregon, and northern California in western North America, generally below 7,000 feet (2,100 m) elevation.

<i>Eriocapitella hupehensis</i> Species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae

Eriocapitella hupehensis, a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae, is native to Asia. The specific epithet hupehensis, which means "from Hupeh province, China", refers to a region where the species is known to occur. In Chinese, it is called dǎ pò wǎn huā huā (打破碗花花), which means "broken bowl flower".

<i>Enemion biternatum</i> Species of flowering plant

Enemion biternatum, commonly known as the false rue-anemone, is a spring ephemeral native to moist deciduous woodland in the eastern United States and extreme southern Ontario.

<i>Thalictrum alpinum</i> Species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae

Thalictrum alpinum is a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family known by the common names alpine meadow-rue and arctic meadow-rue. It is native to Arctic and alpine regions of North America and Eurasia, including Alaska, northern Canada, and Greenland, and it occurs in cold, wet, boggy habitats in high mountains farther south.

<i>Pulsatilla nuttalliana</i> Species of flowering plant

Pulsatilla nuttalliana, known as American pasqueflower, prairie pasqueflower, prairie crocus, or simply pasqueflower, is a flowering plant native to much of North America, from the western side of Lake Michigan, to northern Canada in the Northwest Territories, south to New Mexico in the southwestern United States. Pasqueflower is the provincial flower of Manitoba and the state flower of South Dakota.

Thalictrum heliophilum is a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family known by the common names Cathedral Bluff meadow-rue and sun-loving meadow-rue. It is endemic to Colorado in the United States, where it is known from three counties.

<i>Claytonia caroliniana</i> Species of flowering plant

Claytonia caroliniana, the Carolina springbeauty, is an herbaceous perennial in the family Montiaceae. It was formerly placed in the Portulacaceae. Its native range is eastern and central North America. It is most commonly found in the New England area of the United States but its habitat extends from Ontario and a northern limit in the Cape Anguille Mountains of Newfoundland and south to Alabama. It grows approximately 6 inches tall in forests of the Appalachian Mountains and piedmont

<i>Thalictrum dasycarpum</i> Species of flowering plant

Thalictrum dasycarpum, known as tall meadow rue and purple meadow-rue, is a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family, Ranunculaceae. It is native to North America.

References

  1. 1 2 NatureServe (5 January 2024). "Thalictrum thalictroides". NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  2. ↑ "Thalictrum thalictroides". Germplasm Resources Information Network . Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Park, Marilyn M.; Festerling Jr., Dennis (1997). "Thalictrum thalictroides". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 3. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  4. ↑ Hilty, John (2020). "Rue Anemone (Thalictrum thalictroides)". Illinois Wildflowers.
  5. ↑ Tenaglia, Dan. "Anemonella thalictroides page". Missouri Plants. Missouri Botanical Garden.
  6. ↑ "Thalictrum thalictroides - Plant Finder". www.missouribotanicalgarden.org. Retrieved 2024-03-02.
  7. ↑ Spach, Édouard (1839). Histoire naturelle des vegetaux Phanerogames. Vol. 7. pp. 186–409.
  8. ↑ Boivin, Bernard (1957). "Études Thalictrologiques III: Réduction du genre Anemonella Spach". Bulletin de la Société Royale de Botanique de Belgique. 89: 319–321. JSTOR   20792255.
  9. ↑ Ro, K.; McPhearson, B. A. (July 1997). "Molecular phylogeny of the Aquilegia group (Ranunculaceae) based on internal transcribed spacers and 5.8S nuclear ribosomal DNA". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 25 (5): 445. doi:10.1016/s0305-1978(97)00029-x.
  10. ↑ "Anemonella thalictroides". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 2015-04-26– via The Plant List. Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online
  11. ↑ Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). "Thalictrum thalictroides". Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  12. ↑ Dennison, Edgar (2017). Missouri Wildflowers (Sixth ed.). Conservation Commission of the State of Missouri. pp. 8–9. ISBN   978-1-887247-59-7.
  13. ↑ "Confusing rues: identifying false rue anemone and rue anemone". Illinois Native Plant Society. 9 May 2021.
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