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A respiratory syncytial virus vaccine or RSV vaccine is a vaccine which prevents infection by respiratory syncytial virus, a virus that affects 64 million people and causes 160,000 deaths worldwide each year. In May 2023, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the vaccine Arexvy, developed by GSK, for individuals ages 60 and older. Other vaccines are also in development, including vaccines for pregnant women to provide passive immunity via maternal antibodies to their infant, and vaccines for children.
A COVID‑19 vaccine is a vaccine intended to provide acquired immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19).
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Jason S. McLellan is a structural biologist, professor in the Department of Molecular Biosciences and Robert A. Welch Chair in Chemistry at The University of Texas at Austin who specializes in understanding the structure and function of viral proteins, including those of coronaviruses. His research focuses on applying structural information to the rational design of vaccines and other therapies for viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19. McLellan and his team collaborated with researchers at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases’ Vaccine Research Center to design a stabilized version of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, which biotechnology company Moderna used as the basis for the vaccine mRNA-1273, the first COVID-19 vaccine candidate to enter phase I clinical trials in the U.S. At least three other vaccines use this modified spike protein: those from Pfizer and BioNTech; Johnson & Johnson and Janssen Pharmaceuticals; and Novavax.
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A viral vector vaccine is a vaccine that uses a viral vector to deliver genetic material (DNA) that can be transcribed by the recipient's host cells as mRNA coding for a desired protein, or antigen, to elicit an immune response. As of April 2021, six viral vector vaccines, four COVID-19 vaccines and two Ebola vaccines, have been authorized for use in humans.
References
- 1 2 Acosta, Patricio L.; Caballero, Mauricio T.; Polack, Fernando P.; Papasian, C. J. (2016). "Brief History and Characterization of Enhanced Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease". Clinical and Vaccine Immunology. 23 (3): 189–195. doi: 10.1128/CVI.00609-15 . ISSN 1556-6811. PMC 4783420 . PMID 26677198.
- 1 2 Baden, Lindsey R.; El Sahly, Hana M.; Essink, Brandon; Kotloff, Karen; Frey, Sharon; Novak, Rick; Diemert, David; Spector, Stephen A.; Rouphael, Nadine; Creech, C. Buddy; McGettigan, John; Khetan, Shishir; Segall, Nathan; Solis, Joel; Brosz, Adam; Fierro, Carlos; Schwartz, Howard; Neuzil, Kathleen; Corey, Larry; Gilbert, Peter; Janes, Holly; Follmann, Dean; Marovich, Mary; Mascola, John; Polakowski, Laura; Ledgerwood, Julie; Graham, Barney S.; Bennett, Hamilton; Pajon, Rolando; Knightly, Conor; Leav, Brett; Deng, Weiping; Zhou, Honghong; Han, Shu; Ivarsson, Melanie; Miller, Jacqueline; Zaks, Tal (2021). "Efficacy and Safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine". New England Journal of Medicine. 384 (5): 403–416. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2035389 . ISSN 0028-4793. PMC 7787219 . PMID 33378609.
- ↑ Richard W. Compans; Michael B. A. Oldstone (8 October 2014). Influenza Pathogenesis and Control - Volume I. Springer. pp. 315–320. ISBN 978-3-319-11155-1.
- ↑ Agrawal, Anurodh Shankar; Tao, Xinrong; Algaissi, Abdullah; Garron, Tania; Narayanan, Krishna; Peng, Bi-Hung; Couch, Robert B.; Tseng, Chien-Te K. (2016). "Immunization with inactivated Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus vaccine leads to lung immunopathology on challenge with live virus". Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics. 12 (9): 2351–2356. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1177688 . ISSN 2164-5515. PMC 5027702 . PMID 27269431.
- ↑ Bottazzi, Maria Elena; Strych, Ulrich; Hotez, Peter J.; Corry, David B. (2020). "Coronavirus vaccine-associated lung immunopathology-what is the significance?". Microbes and Infection. 22 (9): 403–404. doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2020.06.007. ISSN 1286-4579. PMC 7318931 . PMID 32599077.
- ↑ FDA Review of Efficacy and Safety of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine Emergency Use Authorization Request (PDF). U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Report). 10 December 2020. Retrieved 11 December 2020.