Vicia sativa

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Vicia sativa
(MHNT) Vicia sativa.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Faboideae
Tribe: Fabeae
Genus: Vicia
Species:
V. sativa
Binomial name
Vicia sativa
L.

Vicia sativa, known as the common vetch, garden vetch, tare or simply vetch, is a nitrogen-fixing leguminous plant in the family Fabaceae. It is now naturalised throughout the world occurring on every continent, except Antarctica and the Arctic. [1] The centre of diversity is thought to be the Fertile Crescent, although gold standard molecular confirmation is currently not available.

Contents

Global common vetch cultivation is limited due to anti-nutritional compounds in the seed although it is grown in dryland agricultural zones in Australia, China and Ethiopia due to its drought tolerance and very low nutrient requirements compared to other legumes. In these agricultural zones common vetch is grown as a green manure, livestock fodder or rotation crop. In cultivated grainfields, like lentils, it is often considered a weed due to downgrading of harvested mixed grain, resulting in farmers receiving less financial returns.

Global estimates of vetch production area varies considerably due to no formal assessment system. However, current cultivation estimates in Australia vary between 400,00 to 600,000 hectares (1,500,000 acres) per year.

Description

Vicia sativa is a sprawling annual herb, with hollow, four-sided, hairless to sparsely hairy stems which can reach two meters in maximum length.

The leaves are stipulate, alternate and compound, each made up of 3–8 opposite pairs of linear, lance-shaped, oblong, or wedge-shaped, needle-tipped leaflets up to 35 millimeters (1+1⁄2 in) long. Each compound leaf ends in a branched tendril.

The pea-like flowers occur in the leaf axils, solitary or in pairs. The flower corolla is 1–3 centimeters (1⁄2–1+1⁄4 in) long and bright pink-purple in colour, more rarely whitish or yellow. The flowers are mostly visited by bumblebees. [2]

The fruit is a legume pod up to 6 or 7 centimeters (2+1⁄4 or 2+3⁄4 in) long, which is hairy when new, smooth later, then brown or black when ripe. It contains 4–12 seeds. [3] [4]

Cultivation

Cooked vetch (Vicia sativa) Vesce poelee.jpg
Cooked vetch (Vicia sativa)

Sown for fodder, [5] the seed is sown densely, up to 250 kilograms per hectare (220 lb/acre). However, when grown for seed, less seed should be used; otherwise the crop will be too thick, reducing flower and seed production. When meant for seed, sowing is done early in the planting season for good returns; but, when for green manure, any time in spring is suitable. Sometimes, a full crop can be obtained even when sown as late as summer, though sowing so late is not recommended. [6]

After the seed is sown and the land carefully harrowed, a light roller ought to be drawn across, to smooth the surface and permit the scythe to work without interruption. Also, the field should be watched for several days to prevent pigeons from eating too much of the sown seed. [6]

Horses thrive very well on common vetch, even better than on clover and rye grass; the same applies to fattening cattle, which feed faster on vetch than on most grasses or other edible plants. Danger often arises from livestock eating too much vetch, especially when podded; colics and other stomach disorders are apt to be produced by the excessive amounts devoured. [6]

Cereal grains can be sown with vetch so it can use their stronger stems for support, attaching via tendrils. [7] When grown with oats or other grasses, the vetch can grow upright; otherwise its weak stems may sprawl along the ground. [8] Several cultivars are available for agricultural use, [9] and as for some other legume crops, rhizobia can be added to the seed. [8]

Pests that attack this crop include the powdery mildew fungus Erysiphe pisi , the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum , the corn earworm (Heliothis zea), the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), and spider mites of genus Tetranychus . [8]

During the early 20th century, a mutant of the common vetch arose with lens-shaped seeds resembling those of the lentil, leading to vetch invasions of lentil fields. D. G. Rowlands showed in 1959 that this was due to a single recessive mutation. The transition from traditional winnowing to mechanised farming practices largely solved this problem. [10]

Improved varieties of Vicia sativa developed by the National Vetch Breeding Program for Australian farmers include; Timok, Volga, Rasina and more recently Studenica. These varieties are mostly cultivated in Western Australia, South Australia and Victoria. More than 500,000 hectares (1,200,000 acres) per year of Vicia sativa was grown in Australia in 2019.

History

Common vetch has long been part of the human diet, as attested by carbonised remains found at early Neolithic sites in Syria, Turkey, Bulgaria, Hungary and Slovakia. It has also been reported from Predynastic sites of ancient Egypt, and several Bronze Age sites in Turkmenia and Slovakia. However, definite evidence for later vetch cultivation is available only for Roman times. [11]

The "tare" referred to in some English translations of the Bible (as in the "Parable of the Tares") may be darnel ryegrass, Lolium temulentum . [12] : 162 

Taxonomy

Vicia sativa was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1753 Species Plantarum . Since that time, a number of synonyms have published: [13]

There are at least four generally accepted subspecies:

Genome

The Vicia sativa karyotype consists of 5, 6 or 7 chromosomes, with six (n=6) being the most common and best described. [15] Given the Vicia sativa's genome is relatively large genome size (1.75Gb) due to large amounts of repetitive DNA, [15] sequencing the genome was challenging compared to other legumes such as Medicago truncatula or soybeans.

A high-quality chromosome level genome assembly was published in 2021 [16] [17] of variety Studencia (n=6), following a draft genome assembly of line KSR5 (n=7). Variety Studencia, is predicted to have 53,318 protein coding genes. [17] Whole genome sequence comparisons showed that Vicia sativa is most closely related to pea. [17]

A high-quality genome sequence facilitates the application of genome editing and genomic selection for healthy, higher yielding varieties.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pea</span> Species of flowering plant with edible seeds in the family Fabaceae

Pea is a pulse, vegetable or fodder crop, but the word often refers to the seed or sometimes the pod of this flowering plant species, formerly 'Pisum sativum', now renamed Lathyrus oleraceus based on the work of Schaefer et al. (2012). Each pod contains several seeds (peas), which can have green or yellow cotyledons when mature. Botanically, pea pods are fruit, since they contain seeds and develop from the ovary of a (pea) flower. The name is also used to describe other edible seeds from the Fabaceae such as the pigeon pea, the cowpea, the seeds from several species of Lathyrus and is used as a compound form for example Sturt's desert pea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lentil</span> Species of flowering plant with edible seeds in the family Fabaceae

The lentil is an edible legume. It is an annual plant known for its lens-shaped seeds. It is about 40 cm (16 in) tall, and the seeds grow in pods, usually with two seeds in each. As a food crop, the largest producers are Canada and India, producing 29% and 27%, respectively, of the world's total lentils in 2021.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Forage</span> Plant material eaten by grazing livestock

Forage is a plant material eaten by grazing livestock. Historically, the term forage has meant only plants eaten by the animals directly as pasture, crop residue, or immature cereal crops, but it is also used more loosely to include similar plants cut for fodder and carried to the animals, especially as hay or silage.

<i>Vicia faba</i> Species of plant in the pea and bean family Fabaceae

Vicia faba, commonly known as the broad bean, fava bean, or faba bean, is a species of vetch, a flowering plant in the pea and bean family Fabaceae. It is widely cultivated as a crop for human consumption, and also as a cover crop. Varieties with smaller, harder seeds that are fed to horses or other animals are called field bean, tic bean or tick bean. Horse bean, Vicia faba var. equinaPers., is a variety recognized as an accepted name. This legume is very common in Southern European, Northern European, East Asian, Latin American and North African cuisines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Legume</span> Plant in the family Fabaceae

A legume is a plant in the family Fabaceae, or the fruit or seed of such a plant. When used as a dry grain, the seed is also called a pulse. Legumes are grown agriculturally, primarily for human consumption, for livestock forage and silage, and as soil-enhancing green manure. Well-known legumes include beans, soybeans, chickpeas, peanuts, lentils, lupins, grass peas, mesquite, carob, tamarind, alfalfa, and clover. Legumes produce a botanically unique type of fruit – a simple dry fruit that develops from a simple carpel and usually dehisces on two sides.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Parsnip</span> Root vegetable in the flowering plant family Apiaceae

The parsnip is a root vegetable closely related to carrot and parsley, all belonging to the flowering plant family Apiaceae. It is a biennial plant usually grown as an annual. Its long taproot has cream-colored skin and flesh, and, left in the ground to mature, becomes sweeter in flavor after winter frosts. In its first growing season, the plant has a rosette of pinnate, mid-green leaves. If unharvested, it produces a flowering stem topped by an umbel of small yellow flowers in its second growing season, later producing pale brown, flat, winged seeds. By this time, the stem has become woody, and the tap root inedible. Precautions should be taken when handling the stems and foliage, as parsnip sap can cause a skin rash or even blindness if exposed to sunlight after handling.

<i>Vigna</i> Genus of plants

Vigna is a genus of plants in the legume family, Fabaceae, with a pantropical distribution. It includes some well-known cultivated species, including many types of beans. Some are former members of the genus Phaseolus. According to Hortus Third, Vigna differs from Phaseolus in biochemistry and pollen structure, and in details of the style and stipules.

<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i> Species of plant

Phaseolus vulgaris, the common bean, is a herbaceous annual plant grown worldwide for its edible dry seeds or green, unripe pods. Its leaf is also occasionally used as a vegetable and the straw as fodder. Its botanical classification, along with other Phaseolus species, is as a member of the legume family Fabaceae. Like most members of this family, common beans acquire the nitrogen they require through an association with rhizobia, which are nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

<i>Vicia</i> Genus of flowering plants in the bean family Fabaceae

Vicia is a genus of over 240 species of flowering plants that are part of the legume family (Fabaceae), and which are commonly known as vetches. Member species are native to Europe, North America, South America, Asia and Africa. Some other genera of their subfamily Faboideae also have names containing "vetch", for example the vetchlings (Lathyrus) or the milk-vetches (Astragalus). The lentils are included in genus Vicia, and were formerly classified in genus Lens. The broad bean is sometimes separated in a monotypic genus Faba; although not often used today, it is of historical importance in plant taxonomy as the namesake of the order Fabales, the Fabaceae and the Faboideae. The tribe Vicieae in which the vetches are placed is named after the genus' current name. The true peas (Pisum) are among the closest living relatives of vetches.

<i>Vicia ervilia</i> Species of ancient Mediterranean legume crop

Vicia ervilia, called ervil or bitter vetch, is an ancient legume crop of the Mediterranean region. Besides the English names, other common names include: gavdaneh (Persian), kersannah (Arabic), yero (Spanish), rovi (Greek), and burçak (Turkish). The nutritional value of the grain for ruminant cattle has guaranteed the species' continued cultivation in Morocco, Spain and Turkey. The crop is easy to cultivate and harvest and can be grown on very shallow, alkaline soils.

<i>Vicia villosa</i> Species of legume

Vicia villosa, known as the hairy vetch, fodder vetch or winter vetch, is a plant native to some of Europe and western Asia. It is a legume, grown as a forage crop, fodder crop, cover crop, and green manure. Although non-native, it occurs in all US states and is considered invasive by some states, such as Alaska, Florida, Georgia, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Oregon, and Washington state — as well as in Japan and some parts of Europe where it is not native. It is also found in most Canadian provinces.

<i>Vicia hirsuta</i> Species of legume

Vicia hirsuta is a species of flowering plant in the pea and bean family Fabaceae.

<i>Vicia tetrasperma</i> Species of legume

Vicia tetrasperma the smooth tare, smooth vetch, lentil vetch or sparrow vetch, is a species of flowering plant in the bean family Fabaceae.

<i>Vicia sepium</i> Species of legume

Vicia sepium or bush vetch is a species of flowering plant in the pea and bean family Fabaceae. A nitrogen-fixing, perennial, leguminous climbing plant that grows in hedgerows, grasslands, the edges of woodland, roadsides and rough ground. It occurs in western Europe, Crimea of Ukraine, Russia including Siberia, Caucasus and Central Asia. It can also be found in eastern Canada, north-eastern states of the USA and, where suitable habitat occurs, in Greenland. It is native to, and has been recorded in, almost all parts of Britain, Ireland and associated islands.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crop wild relative</span> Wild plant closely related to a domesticated plant

A crop wild relative (CWR) is a wild plant closely related to a domesticated plant. It may be a wild ancestor of the domesticated (cultivated) plant or another closely related taxon.

<i>Vicia benghalensis</i> Species of legume

Vicia benghalensis is a species of vetch known by the common names purple vetch and reddish tufted vetch. It is native to southern Europe, North Africa, and nearby islands, and it is utilized elsewhere in agriculture and may be present in the wild as an introduced species. It is an annual herb with a climbing stem which is coated in hairs, often densely, making the plant appear silvery white. Each leaf is made up of several pairs of elongated leaflets which measure up to 3 centimeters in length. The inflorescence is a one-side raceme of several dark reddish purple flowers. Each flower has a densely hairy calyx of sepals and a tubular corolla between one and two centimeters in length. The fruit is a flat, hairy legume pod up to 3.5 centimeters long containing multiple seeds.

<i>Bruchus</i> Genus of beetles

Bruchus is a genus of beetles in the leaf beetle family, Chrysomelidae. They are distributed mainly in the Palearctic, especially in Europe. Several occur in other parts of the world, such as North America, Africa, and Australia, as introduced species. Several species are notorious agricultural pests.

<i>Vicia grandiflora</i> Species of plant

Vicia grandiflora, commonly known as large yellow vetch and bigflower vetch, as well as large-flowered vetch, is a common herbaceous plant species in the family Fabaceae, which occurs as a native plant species in Europe and Asia, as well as an introduced vetch species in North America.

<i>Vicia tenuifolia</i> Species of plant

Vicia tenuifolia, the fine-leaved vetch,cow vetch, fodder vetch or bramble vetch, is a herbaceous perennial plant species in the family Fabaceae. This species is widespread in Europe and some parts of both Asia and Africa. In some other areas it occurs as an introduced species. In a few countries this edible vetch is used as food for both humans and farm animals.

<i>Vicia bithynica</i> Species of flowering plant

Vicia bithynica known as Bithynian vetch, is a species of flowering plant in the bean family Fabaceae. It was described by Carl Linnaeus, initially as Lathyrus bithynicus but later moved to the genus Vicia (vetches). The specific name is derived from Bithynia, an ancient kingdom situated on the north coast of Anatolia, in modern day Turkey.

References

  1. ↑ Ian C. Murfet and Kristin L. Groom. "Vicia Sativa Aggregate." Handbook of Flowering, Volume VI. Abraham Halevy, ed. CRC Press, 2019. Page . ISBN   9781351089487
  2. ↑ van der Kooi, C. J.; Pen, I.; Staal, M.; Stavenga, D. G. & Elzenga, J. T. M. (2015). "Competition for pollinators and intra-communal spectral dissimilarity of flowers". Plant Biology . 18 (1): 56–62. doi:10.1111/plb.12328. PMID   25754608.
  3. ↑ Blamey, M.; Fitter, R. & Fitter, A. (2003). Wild flowers of Britain and Ireland: The Complete Guide to the British and Irish Flora. London: A & C Black. p. 142. ISBN   978-1-4081-7950-5.
  4. ↑ Stace, C. A. (2010). New Flora of the British Isles (3rd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 159. ISBN   978-0-521-70772-5.
  5. ↑ Hackney, P., ed. (1992). Stewart and Corry's Flora of the North-east of Ireland (3rd ed.). Queen's University Belfast. ISBN   0-85389-446-9.
  6. 1 2 3 The Household Cyclopedia of General Information. New York: Thomas Kelly. 1881. p. 47.
  7. ↑ "FAO Animal Feed Resources". Archived from the original on 2012-10-24. Retrieved 2010-11-22.
  8. 1 2 3 "FAO Crop Profile". Archived from the original on 2017-11-15. Retrieved 2010-11-22.
  9. ↑ Lloveras, J.; Santiveri, P.; Vendrell, A.; Torrent, D.; Ballesta, A. (2004). "Varieties of vetch (Vicia sativa L.) for forage and grain production in Mediterranean areas" (PDF). In A. Ferchichi (ed.). Réhabilitation des pâturages et des parcours en milieux méditerranéens. Cahiers Options Méditerranéennes. Vol. 62. Zaragoza: CIHEAM. pp. 103–106. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-03-24. Retrieved 2010-11-22.
  10. ↑ Fred Gould (1991). "The evolutionary potential of crop pests" (PDF). American Scientist . 79 (6): 496–507. Bibcode:1991AmSci..79..496G.
  11. ↑ Daniel Zohary; Maria Hopf (2000). Domestication of Plants in the Old World (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 119. ISBN   978-0-19-850356-9.
  12. ↑ Cope, T.; Gray, A. (2009). Grasses of the British Isles. BSBI Handbook No. 13. London: Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. ISBN   978-0-901158-42-0.
  13. ↑ "Vicia sativa L." The Plant List . Retrieved 24 March 2017.
  14. ↑ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  15. 1 2 NAVRÁTILOVÁ, ALICE; NEUMANN, PAVEL; MACAS, JIŘÍ (June 2003). "Karyotype Analysis of Four Vicia Species using In Situ Hybridization with Repetitive Sequences". Annals of Botany. 91 (7): 921–926. doi:10.1093/aob/mcg099. ISSN   0305-7364. PMC   4242401 . PMID   12770847.
  16. ↑ Xi, Hangwei; Nguyen, Vy; Ward, Christopher; Liu, Zhipeng; Searle, Iain R. (2021-10-13). "Chromosome-level assembly of the common vetch reference genome (Vicia sativa)": 2021.10.11.464017. doi:10.1101/2021.10.11.464017. S2CID   239012084.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  17. 1 2 3 Xi, Hangwei; Nguyen, Vy; Ward, Christopher; Liu, Zhipeng; Searle, Iain R. (2022-01-31). "Chromosome-level assembly of the common vetch (Vicia sativa) reference genome". Gigabyte. 2022: gigabyte38. doi:10.46471/gigabyte.38. PMC   9650280 . PMID   36824524. S2CID   246453086.
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