Weapons of the Salvadoran Civil War

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The Salvadoran Civil War was a military conflict that pitted the guerrilla forces of the left-wing Marxist-oriented Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front (FMLN) against the armed and security forces loyal to the military-led conservative government of El Salvador, between 1979 and 1992. Main combatants comprised:

Contents

An eclectic variety of weapons was used by both sides in the Salvadoran Civil War. The Salvadoran FAES were equipped with Western-made weapons, mainly American and Israeli in origin, but also included Argentine, Portuguese, French, West German, Yugoslavian and Taiwanese military hardware. During the early phase of the war, the FMLN likewise were largely equipped with Western arms and munitions, though as the war went on, Eastern Bloc weaponry began to play a major role.

Weapons of the Salvadoran FAES

Small arms

Pistols

Colt M1911A1 pistol Colt 1911A .45 866716 L DSC 3336.JPG
Colt M1911A1 pistol

Battle and assault rifles

M16A1 assault rifle M16A1 brimob.jpg
M16A1 assault rifle
Galil assault rifle Galil.jpg
Galil assault rifle
T65 assault rifle TwT65.JPG
T65 assault rifle
  • Heckler & Koch G3: Originally the standard service rifle of the Salvadoran Army before being replaced by the M-16A1/A2. The first G3s were of West German origin; however, when the U.S. began increasing small arms deliveries to El Salvador, they purchased surplus rifles from Portugal and gave them as military aid. [2] [3] [4]
  • M16A1/A2: The M16A1/A2 was initially issued to elite units before being issued to the rest of the army when it became the standard rifle. The first large-scale delivery occurred in 1981 with 11,868 units delivered. A total of 32,374 M16A1/A2 rifles were delivered between 1980 and 1993. The U.S. began to replace the G3 rifles in the hands of the Salvadorian Army in 1981 with the delivery of 11,868 AR-15A1 R613 (M16A1); followed by another 20,743 M16s purchased with FMS funds for El Salvador in 1982. Many of these "new" rifles were actually leftovers from Vietnam. Eventually, another 45,160 AR-15A1 R613 followed, to include more than 500 CAR-15A1 R639 (XM177E2 Commando – typified as M16A2 for El Salvador) to equip the Mechanized Infantry and officer Corps and hundreds of CAR-15A1 R653 (M16A1) Carbines starting in 1985, and even brand-new M16s supplied by Springfield Armory. [5] [6]
  • CAR-15: Colt Automatic Rifle-15 Military Weapons System or CAR-15. The CAR-15: Colt Automatic Rifle-15 Military Weapons System or CAR-15 was delivered to all military branches of the Armed Forces of El Salvador and was also used with attached M203 grenade launchers.
  • Colt Commando (model 733, note M16A2-style brass deflector and forward assist), the USA military aid to El Salvador included the supply of this Car-15 variant that was used extensively by the Armed Forces of El Salvador. They also were used with attached M203 grenade launchers. The BIRI (immediate reaction infantry battalion) used this variant with the M203 attached.
  • IMI Galil [7] [8]
  • Heckler & Koch HK33 [9]
  • T65 assault rifle: Taiwan had extensive diplomatic and military ties with El Salvador. Before and during the civil war, the Republic of China (Taiwan) sold weaponry including the T65 to the former Salvadoran security forces. Taiwan also trained Salvadoran military officers in the civil war; even after the end of the war, Taiwan had continued to give military advice and training to its diplomatic allies including El Salvador until 2018.

Carbines and semi-automatic rifles

Sniper rifles

Rifle, Cal. 30, M1D with M84 telescope and T-37 flash suppressor M1D.jpg
Rifle, Cal. 30, M1D with M84 telescope and T-37 flash suppressor

Submachine guns

Machine guns

HK 21 light machine gun HK 21 LMG RIGHT SIDE.jpg
HK 21 light machine gun
M2HB heavy machine gun PEO Browning M2 HB Machine Gun.jpg
M2HB heavy machine gun

Grenade systems

Land mine systems

Anti-tank rocket and grenade launchers

M72 LAW M72 Light Anti-tank Weapon (7414626756).jpg
M72 LAW
M79 grenade launcher Grenade launcher M79 1.jpg
M79 grenade launcher
M203 grenade launcher PEO M203A2 Grenade Launcher.png
M203 grenade launcher

Mortars

Recoilless rifles

Artillery

Anti-aircraft weapons

FIM-43 Redeye canister. FIM-43 Redeye (Robot 69) 001.jpg
FIM-43 Redeye canister.

Vehicles

Helicopters

Aircraft

Dassault MD 450B Ouragan fighter-bomber of the El Salvador Air Force on static display at Ilopango Air Base, San Salvador. 706 Dassault Ouragan El Salvador Air Force (7486019052).jpg
Dassault MD 450B Ouragan fighter-bomber of the El Salvador Air Force on static display at Ilopango Air Base, San Salvador.
Arava 201 STOL utility transport displayed at the 1975 Paris Air Show prior to delivery to the El Salvador Air Force. IAI Arava 201 FAS-804 4X-IAQ Salvador LBG 07.06.75 edited-2.jpg
Arava 201 STOL utility transport displayed at the 1975 Paris Air Show prior to delivery to the El Salvador Air Force.

Weapons of the FMLN

Small arms

Pistols

Tokarev TT-33 pistol Tokarev TT33 (6825679152).jpg
Tokarev TT-33 pistol
Makarov PM pistol 9-mm pistolet Makarova s patronami.jpg
Makarov PM pistol

Battle and assault rifles

FN FAL assault rifle FN-FAL belgian.jpeg
FN FAL assault rifle

Carbines and semi-automatic rifles

SKS semi-automatic rifle Simonov-SKS-45.JPG
SKS semi-automatic rifle

Sniper rifles

Dragunov SVD-63 sniper rifle SVD Dragunov.jpg
Dragunov SVD-63 sniper rifle

Submachine guns

Machine guns

RPK with a bipod and a 75-round drum magazine. RPK Machine Gun 7.62 x 39.jpg
RPK with a bipod and a 75-round drum magazine.

Grenade systems

Explosive devices

Land mine systems

Anti-tank rocket and grenade launchers

RPG-2 antitank grenade launcher with PG-2 grenade RPG2 and PG2 TBiU 37.jpg
RPG-2 antitank grenade launcher with PG-2 grenade

Recoilless rifles

Anti-aircraft weapons

KBM Kolomna 9K32M Strela-2M (SA-7b) missile and canister. SA-7.jpg
KBM Kolomna 9K32M Strela-2M (SA-7b) missile and canister.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 1: Crisis, Coup and Uprising 1970-1983 (2023), p. 24.
  2. ↑ Caballero Jurado & Thomas, Central American Wars 1959–89 (1990), pp. 12; 41-42.
  3. ↑ Thompson, The G3 Battle Rifle (2019), p. 29.
  4. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 1: Crisis, Coup and Uprising 1970-1983 (2023), p. 24.
  5. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 2: Conflagration 1984-1992 (2023), p. 4.
  6. 1 2 http://blogs.miis.edu/sand/files/2011/02/elsbrief.pdf Source: Federation of American Scientists, Arms Sales Monitoring Project
  7. ↑ Haapiseva-Hunter, Israeli foreign policy: South Africa and Central America (1999), p. 115.
  8. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 1: Crisis, Coup and Uprising 1970-1983 (2023), p. 14.
  9. ↑ Jones, Richard D. Jane's Infantry Weapons 2009/2010. Jane's Information Group; 35 edition (January 27, 2009). ISBN   978-0-7106-2869-5.
  10. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 1: Crisis, Coup and Uprising 1970-1983 (2023), p. 13.
  11. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 1: Crisis, Coup and Uprising 1970-1983 (2023), p. 8.
  12. 1 2 3 Montes, Julio A. (May 2000). "Infantry Weapons of the Salvadoran Forces". Small Arms Review. Vol. 3, no. 8.
  13. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 1: Crisis, Coup and Uprising 1970-1983 (2023), p. 24.
  14. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 1: Crisis, Coup and Uprising 1970-1983 (2023), p. 24.
  15. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 1: Crisis, Coup and Uprising 1970-1983 (2023), p. 9.
  16. ↑ Smith, Small Arms of the World: a basic manual of Small Arms (1969), p. 342.
  17. ↑ Peter G. Kokalis, Weapons Tests and Evaluations: The Best of Soldier Of Fortune, Paladin Press, 2001, pp. 15–16.
  18. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 1: Crisis, Coup and Uprising 1970-1983 (2023), p. 8.
  19. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 1: Crisis, Coup and Uprising 1970-1983 (2023), p. 24.
  20. ↑ Norman Friedman (January 1997). The Naval Institute Guide to World Naval Weapons Systems, 1997-1998. Naval Institute Press. pp. 460–. ISBN   978-1-55750-268-1.
  21. 1 2 3 4 Caballero Jurado & Thomas, Central American Wars 1959–89 (1990), p. 42.
  22. 1 2 3 Dockery, The M60 machine gun (2012), p. 62.
  23. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 2: Conflagration 1984-1992 (2023), pp. 32; 69.
  24. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 1: Crisis, Coup and Uprising 1970-1983 (2023), p. 24.
  25. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 2: Conflagration 1984-1992 (2023), pp. 24; 31; 37.
  26. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 1: Crisis, Coup and Uprising 1970-1983 (2023), p. 24.
  27. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 1: Crisis, Coup and Uprising 1970-1983 (2023), p. 24.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Physicians for Human Rights (U.S.), Landmines: A Deadly Legacy (1993), pp. 184-187.
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Landmine and Cluster Munition Monitor". archives.the-monitor.org.
  30. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 1: Crisis, Coup and Uprising 1970-1983 (2023), p. 24.
  31. ↑ "El Salvador". Military Technology World Defence Almanac: 60. 2005. ISSN   0722-3226.
  32. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 2: Conflagration 1984-1992 (2023), p. 9.
  33. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 2: Conflagration 1984-1992 (2023), p. 9.
  34. ↑ Rottman, US Grenade Launchers – M79, M203, and M320 (2017), p. 20.
  35. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 2: Conflagration 1984-1992 (2023), p. 19.
  36. ↑ Rottman, US Grenade Launchers – M79, M203, and M320 (2017), p. 37.
  37. ↑ Gander, Terry J. (22 November 2000). "National inventories, El Salvador". Jane's Infantry Weapons 2001-2002. p. 1643.
  38. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 1: Crisis, Coup and Uprising 1970-1983 (2023), p. 24.
  39. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 1: Crisis, Coup and Uprising 1970-1983 (2023), p. 24.
  40. ↑ Gander, Terry J.; Cutshaw, Charles Q. (4 June 2001). "81 mm M29 and M29A1 mortar". Jane's Infantry Weapons 2002-2003. pp. 5330–5333.
  41. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 2: Conflagration 1984-1992 (2023), p. 11.
  42. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 1: Crisis, Coup and Uprising 1970-1983 (2023), p. 24.
  43. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 2: Conflagration 1984-1992 (2023), p. 11.
  44. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 1: Crisis, Coup and Uprising 1970-1983 (2023), p. 24.
  45. ↑ Gander, Terry J.; Cutshaw, Charles Q., eds. (2001). Jane's Infantry Weapons 2001/2002 (27th ed.). Coulsdon: Jane's Information Group. ISBN   9780710623171.
  46. ↑ Gander, Terry J.; Cutshaw, Charles Q. (2001). "90 mm M67 recoilless rifle". Jane's Infantry Weapons 2002-2003. pp. 5347–5348.
  47. ↑ "El Salvador". Military Technology World Defence Almanac. Bonn: Wehr & Wissen: 60. 2005. ISSN   0722-3226
  48. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 2: Conflagration 1984-1992 (2023), p. 11.
  49. ↑ Montes, Julio A. (2 January 2015). "Infantry Support and Anti-tank Weapons in Latin America: 90mm and 105mm Recoilless Rifles". Small Arms Defense Journal. Vol. 6, no. 4.
  50. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 1: Crisis, Coup and Uprising 1970-1983 (2023), p. 24.
  51. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 2: Conflagration 1984-1992 (2023), p. 11.
  52. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 2: Conflagration 1984-1992 (2023), p. 11.
  53. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 1: Crisis, Coup and Uprising 1970-1983 (2023), pp. 24; 64.
  54. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 2: Conflagration 1984-1992 (2023), p. 11.
  55. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 2: Conflagration 1984-1992 (2023), p. 11.
  56. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 1: Crisis, Coup and Uprising 1970-1983 (2023), p. 25.
  57. ↑ "El Salvadoran Army index equipment" armyrecognition.com
  58. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 1: Crisis, Coup and Uprising 1970-1983 (2023), p. 25.
  59. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 2: Conflagration 1984-1992 (2023), pp. 11; 40.
  60. 1 2 El Salvador Inventory Jane's Land-Based Air Defense
  61. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 1: Crisis, Coup and Uprising 1970-1983 (2023), pp. 8-9.
  62. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 2: Conflagration 1984-1992 (2023), p. 11.
  63. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 2: Conflagration 1984-1992 (2023), p. 11.
  64. ↑ Christopher F. Foss, Jane's Tank & Combat Vehicle recognition guide (2002), pp. 252-253.
  65. ↑ Dunstan, Panhard Armoured Car: 1961 Onwards (AML 60, AML 90, Eland), Enthusiasts' Manual (2019), pp. 150-154.
  66. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 1: Crisis, Coup and Uprising 1970-1983 (2023), pp. 24-25.
  67. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 2: Conflagration 1984-1992 (2023), pp. 11; 55.
  68. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 1: Crisis, Coup and Uprising 1970-1983 (2023), p. 31.
  69. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 2: Conflagration 1984-1992 (2023), p. 11.
  70. ↑ Christopher F. Foss, Jane's Tank & Combat Vehicle recognition guide (2002), pp. 260-261.
  71. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 1: Crisis, Coup and Uprising 1970-1983 (2023), p. 25.
  72. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 2: Conflagration 1984-1992 (2023), pp. 11; 49.
  73. ↑ Caballero Jurado & Thomas, Central American Wars 1959–89 (1990), pp. 13; 16.
  74. ↑ "Jane's VAL Light Assault Vehicle Cashuat". Jane's Information Group.
  75. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 2: Conflagration 1984-1992 (2023), pp. 11; 56; 63.
  76. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 1: Crisis, Coup and Uprising 1970-1983 (2023), p. 25.
  77. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 1: Crisis, Coup and Uprising 1970-1983 (2023), pp. 25; 34; 47.
  78. ↑ "Annex C Appendix II". US Army Technical Manual of Foreign Military Sales: Battlefield Damage Assessment and Repair (PDF). Washington, D.C. 18 December 1987. p. 262. TM 9-2320-356-BD.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  79. ↑ Caballero Jurado & Thomas, Central American Wars 1959–89 (1990), p. 16.
  80. ↑ "Jane's Military Vehicles and Logistics – El Salvador". Jane's Information Group.
  81. 1 2 Gunston, An Illustrated Guide to Military Helicopters (1981), p. 82.
  82. ↑ "World Air Forces 1987 pg. 51" . Retrieved 2013-03-14.
  83. ↑ "Fuerza Aerea Salvadoreña Alouette III" . Retrieved 30 March 2013.
  84. ↑ Dr. James S. Corum (Summer 1998). "The Air War in El Salvador". Airpower Journal. Retrieved 2007-04-21.
  85. 1 2 3 4 5 Caballero Jurado & Thomas, Central American Wars 1959–89 (1990), p. 15.
  86. ↑ "World Air Forces 2018". Flightglobal Insight. 2018. Retrieved 25 August 2018.
  87. ↑ Cooper, Tom. "El Salvador, 1980–1992." Air Combat Information Group, 1 September 2003. Retrieved: 3 September 2007.
  88. ↑ "World Air Forces 2018". Flightglobal Insight. 2018. Retrieved 16 June 2018.
  89. ↑ Cooper, Tom. "El Salvador: 1980–1992". ACIG.org. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
  90. 1 2 Eastwood & Roach, Piston Engine Airliner Production List (1991), pp. 169-199.
  91. ↑ Love, Greer and Sewell, A-37/T-37 Dragonfly in action (1991), pp. 26; 37.
  92. 1 2 "World Air Forces 2015 pg. 15". Flightglobal Insight. 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
  93. ↑ Beck, "Database: Fairchild C-123 Provider" (2022), p. 123.
  94. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 2: Conflagration 1984-1992 (2023), p. 14.
  95. ↑ "Cessna Skymasters used by non-US Air-Forces" Archived March 12, 2010, at the Wayback Machine , Skymaster.org.uk. Accessed 10 May 2010.
  96. ↑ Cooper, Tom. "El Salvador, 1980-1992". ACIG.org. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
  97. ↑ Taylor, Encyclopedia of Modern Military Aircraft (1987), p. 67.
  98. ↑ Hatch, Flight International (1996), p. 40.
  99. ↑ Cashner, The FN FAL Battle Rifle (2013), pp. 66-68.
  100. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 1: Crisis, Coup and Uprising 1970-1983 (2023), p. 22.
  101. ↑ Thompson, The G3 Battle Rifle (2019), p. 35.
  102. ↑ Caballero Jurado & Thomas, Central American Wars 1959–89 (1990), p. 20.
  103. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 1: Crisis, Coup and Uprising 1970-1983 (2023), pp. 19-20; 22-23.
  104. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 2: Conflagration 1984-1992 (2023), p. 39.
  105. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 2: Conflagration 1984-1992 (2023), p. 39.
  106. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 1: Crisis, Coup and Uprising 1970-1983 (2023), p. 23.
  107. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 1: Crisis, Coup and Uprising 1970-1983 (2023), p. 20.
  108. ↑ McNab, The SVD Dragunov Rifle (2023), p. 50.
  109. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 2: Conflagration 1984-1992 (2023), p. 39.
  110. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 2: Conflagration 1984-1992 (2023), p. 39.
  111. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 2: Conflagration 1984-1992 (2023), p. 39.
  112. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 1: Crisis, Coup and Uprising 1970-1983 (2023), pp. 19; 69.
  113. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 2: Conflagration 1984-1992 (2023), p. 27; 32.
  114. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 2: Conflagration 1984-1992 (2023), p. 63.
  115. ↑ Rottman, The Rocket-propelled Grenade (2010), p. 19.
  116. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 1: Crisis, Coup and Uprising 1970-1983 (2023), p. 22.
  117. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 2: Conflagration 1984-1992 (2023), p. 39.
  118. ↑ Bonn International Center for Conversion. "RPG 7". SALW Guide: Global distribution and visual identification.
  119. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 1: Crisis, Coup and Uprising 1970-1983 (2023), p. 22.
  120. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 2: Conflagration 1984-1992 (2023), p. 39.
  121. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 2: Conflagration 1984-1992 (2023), pp. 63; 39.
  122. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 2: Conflagration 1984-1992 (2023), p. 27.
  123. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 2: Conflagration 1984-1992 (2023), p. 41.
  124. ↑ Cooper, Tom. "El Salvador, 1980–1992". ACIG.org. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
  125. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 2: Conflagration 1984-1992 (2023), pp. 61; 63.
  126. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 2: Conflagration 1984-1992 (2023), pp. 62; 63.
  127. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 2: Conflagration 1984-1992 (2023), p. 62.
  128. ↑ François, El Salvador – Volume 2: Conflagration 1984-1992 (2023), pp. 61; 63.

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References

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