Wheat yellow rust

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Wheat yellow rust
Dz. rusa z.tritikale 2015.jpg
Yellow rust on the leaves of winter triticale
Scientific classification
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P. s. f. sp. tritici
Trinomial name
Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici
Westend., (1854)
Synonyms
  • Dicaeoma glumarum
  • Puccinia glumarum
  • Puccinia rubigo-vera
  • Puccinia straminis
  • Puccinia striiformis
  • Trichobasis glumarum
  • Uredo glumarum
Yellow rust distribution in winter triticale Dz. rusa z.trit. 2015.jpg
Yellow rust distribution in winter triticale

Wheat yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici), also known as wheat stripe rust, is one of the three major wheat rust diseases, along with stem rust of wheat (Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici) and leaf rust (Puccinia triticina f.sp. tritici).

Contents

History

As R.P. Singh, J. Huerta-Espino, and A.P. Roelfs say in their 2002 comprehensive review of literature on the wheat rusts for UN FAO: [1]

Although Gadd first described stripe rust of wheat in 1777, it was not until 1896 that Eriksson and Henning (1896) showed that stripe rust resulted from a separate pathogen, which they named P. glumarum. In 1953, Hylander et al. (1953) revived the name P. striiformis.

A stripe rust outbreak in northwest Syria contributed to the beginning of the Syrian Civil War by increasing food prices. [2]

Life cycle

Other cereal rust fungi have macrocyclic, heteroecious life cycles, involving five spore stages and two phylogenetically unrelated hosts. P. striiformis was thought to be microcyclic for centuries until 2009, when a team of scientists at the USDA-ARS Cereal Disease Lab led by Yue Jin confirmed that barberry ( Berberis and Mahonia spp.) is an alternate host. [3] Barberry was known as an alternate host of the closely related stem rust ( Puccinia graminis ) and for many years, when infection was observed on barberry, it was assumed to be stem rust. [4] (Then P. striiformis was accidentally discovered to also have the same alternate host when scientists observed rust infection on various barberry species, and inoculated spores of this unknown rust onto Poaceae hosts. [3] Kentucky Bluegrass was the only one to show infection. The uredinia were characteristic of stripe rust.) [3] [5] Later, infected wheat plants bearing teliospores were soaked in water and suspended over barberry species. Infection was produced, thus solving a "century-old mystery" of plant pathology. [3] This finding is regarded as revolutionary across the discipline and additionally among mycologists. [6] [5] [7] [8] [9]

Symptoms

Stripe rust on wheat Stripe rust on wheat.jpg
Stripe rust on wheat

Yellow rust, or stripe rust, takes its name from the appearance of yellow-colored stripes produced parallel along the venations of each leaf blade. These yellow stripes are actually characteristic of uredinia that produce yellow-colored urediniospores. Primary hosts of yellow rust of wheat are Triticum aestivum (bread wheat), Triticum turgidum (durum wheat), triticale, and a few Hordeum vulgare (barley) cultivars.

The disease usually occurs early in the growth season, when temperature ranges between 2 and 15 °C (36 and 59 °F); but it may occur to a maximum of 23 °C (73 °F). High humidity and rainfall are favorable conditions for increasing the infection on both leaf blade and leaf sheath, even on spikes when in epidemic form. Symptoms are stunted and weakened plants, shriveled grains, fewer spikes, loss in number of grains per spike and grain weight. Losses can be 50%, but in severe situations 100% is vulnerable. Since yellow rust can occur whenever the wheat plants in green and the environmental condition conducive for the spore infection, yellow rust is a severe problem in the wheat-producing regions worldwide. Temperatures during the time of winter wheat emergence and the coldest period of the year are crucial for epidemic development in winter-habit wheat crops. [10]

Worldwide population structure

Both the spatial genetic structure and the spatial dissemination of this disease have been investigated. [11] Population genetic analyses indicate a strong regional heterogeneity in levels of recombination, with clear signatures of recombination in the Himalayan and near-Himalayan regions and a predominant clonal population structure in other regions. The existence of a high genotypic diversity, recombinant population structure, high sexual reproduction ability, and the abundance of the alternate host ( Berberis spp.) in the Himalayan and neighboring regions suggest the region as a plausible Pst center of origin or at least very close to its centre of origin. However, further exploration may be useful from Central Asia to East Asian regions. [11]

Disease management

Breeding of resistant varieties is the most cost-effective method to control this rust. Fungicides are available but vary in availability depending on their registration restrictions by national or state governments. [12] [13] Development of varieties resistant to the disease is always an important objective in wheat breeding programs for crop improvement. This has been done in the past, however as normal, these resistance genes became ineffective due to the acquisition of virulence to that particular resistance gene rendering the variety susceptible - necessitating ongoing variety development. [14]

Resistance genes

These genes are most often abbreviated Yr and Yr1, Yr24, etc.

QYr.niab-2D.1 is a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for adult plant resistance (APR). [15] This allele comes from the Claire variety. [15] Bouvet et al., 2021 discovered it when investigating unknown resistance in the UK 2015 and 2016 seasons. [15] It has since broken down however. [15]

Lebanon

Although Yr6, Yr7, Yr8, Yr9, Yr10, Yr17, Yr24, Yr25, and Yr27 are no longer effective in Lebanon, Yr1, Yr3, Yr4, Yr5, Yr15 are still effective against yellow rust pathotypes prevalent there. [16]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rust (fungus)</span> Order of fungi

Rusts are fungal plant pathogens of the order Pucciniales causing plant fungal diseases.

<i>Berberis aquifolium</i> Species of flowering plant

Berberis aquifolium, the Oregon grape or holly-leaved barberry, is a species of flowering plant in the family Berberidaceae, native to western North America. It is an evergreen shrub growing 1–3 meters tall and 1.5 m (5 ft) wide, with pinnate leaves consisting of spiny leaflets, and dense clusters of yellow flowers in early spring, followed by dark bluish-black berries.

The cereal grain wheat is subject to numerous wheat diseases, including bacterial, viral and fungal diseases, as well as parasitic infestations.

<i>Berberis vulgaris</i> Species of shrub

Berberis vulgaris, also known as common barberry, European barberry or simply barberry, is a shrub in the genus Berberis native to the Old World. It produces edible but sharply acidic berries, which people in many countries eat as a tart and refreshing fruit.

<i>Berberis thunbergii</i> Species of plant

Berberis thunbergii, the Japanese barberry, Thunberg's barberry, or red barberry, is a species of flowering plant in the barberry family Berberidaceae, native to Japan and eastern Asia, though widely naturalized in China and North America, where it has become a problematic invasive in many places, leading to declines in species diversity, increased tick habitat, and soil changes. Growing to 1 m tall by 2.5 m broad, it is a small deciduous shrub with green leaves turning red in the autumn, brilliant red fruits in autumn and pale yellow flowers in spring.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stem rust</span> Fungus disease of cereal crops

Stem rust, also known as cereal rust, black rust, red rust or red dust, is caused by the fungus Puccinia graminis, which causes significant disease in cereal crops. Crop species that are affected by the disease include bread wheat, durum wheat, barley and triticale. These diseases have affected cereal farming throughout history. The annual recurrence of stem rust of wheat in North Indian plains was discovered by K.C. Mehta. Since the 1950s, wheat strains bred to be resistant to stem rust have become available. Fungicides effective against stem rust are available as well.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wheat leaf rust</span> Fungal disease of wheat, most prevalent

Wheat leaf rust is a fungal disease that affects wheat, barley, rye stems, leaves and grains. In temperate zones it is destructive on winter wheat because the pathogen overwinters. Infections can lead up to 20% yield loss. The pathogen is a Puccinia rust fungus. It is the most prevalent of all the wheat rust diseases, occurring in most wheat-growing regions. It causes serious epidemics in North America, Mexico and South America and is a devastating seasonal disease in India. P. triticina is heteroecious, requiring two distinct hosts.

<i>Blumeria graminis</i> Fungal pathogen of grasses

Blumeria graminis is a fungus that causes powdery mildew on grasses, including cereals. It is the only species in the genus Blumeria. It has also been called Erysiphe graminis and Oidium monilioides or Oidium tritici.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Elvin Stakman</span> American mycologist (1885–1979)

Elvin Charles Stakman was an American plant pathologist who was a pioneer of methods of identifying and combatting disease in wheat. He became an internationally renowned phytopathologist for his studies of the genetics and epidemiology of stem rust. Stakman is credited with improving crop yields both in North America and worldwide as part of the Green Revolution.

<i>Hordeum jubatum</i> Species of flowering plant

Hordeum jubatum, with common names foxtail barley, bobtail barley, squirreltail barley, and intermediate barley, is a perennial plant species in the grass family Poaceae. It occurs wild mainly in northern North America and adjacent northeastern Siberia. However, as it escaped often from gardens it can be found worldwide in areas with temperate to warm climates, and is considered a weed in many countries. The species is a polyploid and originated via hybridization of an East Asian Hordeum species with a close but extinct relative of Californian H. brachyantherum. It is grown as an ornamental plant for its attractive inflorescences and when done flowering for its inflorescence.

<i>Puccinia hordei</i> Species of fungus

Puccinia hordei is a species of rust fungus. A plant pathogen, it can cause leaf rust of barley, also known as brown rust of barley. It was originally found on the dry leaves of Hordeum vulgare in Germany.

Barley stripe rust is a fungal disease of barley caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei. a forma specialis of Puccinia striiformis. It was first detected in the United States in 1991, in northern and eastern Idaho in 1993, In 1995 it was detected for the first time in western Washington and western Oregon and is currently considered to be well established there. The disease initially develops at a small loci within a field and spreads rapidly and has caused significant losses in areas where climatic conditions are cool and wet.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ug99</span> Worst wheat disease. Race of stem rust.

Ug99 is a lineage of wheat stem rust, which is present in wheat fields in several countries in Africa and the Middle East and is predicted to spread rapidly through these regions and possibly further afield, potentially causing a wheat production disaster that would affect food security worldwide. In 2005 the noted green revolution pioneer Norman Borlaug brought great attention to the problem, and most subsequent efforts can be traced to his advocacy. It can cause up to 100% crop losses and is virulent against many resistance genes which have previously protected wheat against stem rust.

<i>Pyrenophora tritici-repentis</i> Species of fungus

Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (teleomorph) and Drechslera tritici-repentis (anamorph) is a necrotrophic plant pathogen of fungal origin, phylum Ascomycota. The pathogen causes a disease originally named yellow spot but now commonly called tan spot, yellow leaf spot, yellow leaf blotch or helminthosporiosis. At least eight races of the pathogen are known to occur based on their virulence on a wheat differential set.

Puccinia striiformis is a fungal species and plant pathogen. It causes stripe rust on wheat, but has other hosts as well. The species is common in Europe and in more recent years has become a problem in Australia. Crop infections can cause losses of up to 40%, and the fungus will infect both winter wheat and spring wheat.

<i>Puccinia coronata</i> Species of fungus

Puccinia coronata is a plant pathogen and causal agent of oat and barley crown rust. The pathogen occurs worldwide, infecting both wild and cultivated oats. Crown rust poses a threat to barley production, because the first infections in barley occur early in the season from local inoculum. Crown rusts have evolved many different physiological races within different species in response to host resistance. Each pathogenic race can attack a specific line of plants within the species typical host. For example, there are over 290 races of P. coronata. Crops with resistant phenotypes are often released, but within a few years virulent races have arisen and P. coronata can infect them.

<i>Puccinia</i> Genus of rust fungi

Puccinia is a genus of fungi. All species in this genus are obligate plant pathogens and are known as rusts. The genus contains about 4000 species.

Ruth Florence Allen (1879–1963) was an American botanist and plant pathologist and the first woman to earn her Ph.D. in botany from the University of Wisconsin. Her doctorate research focused on the reproduction and cell biology of ferns, particularly the phenomenon of apogamy. Later in her career, Allen shifted her focus to plant pathology. Her major contribution to the field of mycology was furthering the understanding of rust fungi, a group of economically important plant pathogens. Allen completed many studies on Puccinia graminis, once considered a catastrophically damaging disease-causing agent in cereal crops before the discovery of current management measures.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Margaret Newton</span> Phytopathologist and mycologist

Margaret Brown Newton was a Canadian plant pathologist and mycologist internationally renowned for her pioneering research in stem rust Puccinia graminis, particularly for its effect on the staple Canadian agricultural product wheat.

Diane G. O. Saunders is a British biologist and group leader at the John Innes Centre and an Honorary Professor in the School of Biological Sciences at the University of East Anglia. Her research investigates plant pathogens that pose a threat to agriculture. She was awarded the Rosalind Franklin Award by the Royal Society in 2022.

References

  1. Singh, R.P.; Huerta-Espino, J.; Roelfs, A.P. "The wheat rusts". www.fao.org. Retrieved 2018-08-25.
  2. Schwartzstein, Peter (2016-09-05). "Inside the Syrian Dust Bowl". Foreign Policy . The FP Group. Retrieved 2021-10-22.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Jin, Yue; Szabo, Les J.; Carson, Martin (2010-04-07). "Century-Old Mystery of Puccinia striiformis Life History Solved with the Identification of Berberis as an Alternate Host". Phytopathology . 100 (5): 432–435. doi: 10.1094/PHYTO-100-5-0432 . ISSN   0031-949X. PMID   20373963.
  4. Stakman, Elvin C. (1918). The black stem rust and the barberry. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.135472.
  5. 1 2 Wellings, Colin R. (2011-02-04). "Global status of stripe rust: a review of historical and current threats". Euphytica . 179 (1). Springer: 129–141. doi:10.1007/s10681-011-0360-y. ISSN   0014-2336. S2CID   12772004.
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  7. Chen, Wanquan; Wellings, Colin; Chen, Xianming; Kang, Zhengsheng; Liu, Taiguo (2014-05-06). "Wheat stripe (yellow) rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici". Molecular Plant Pathology . 15 (5). British Society for Plant Pathology (Wiley): 433–446. doi:10.1111/mpp.12116. ISSN   1464-6722. PMC   6638732 . PMID   24373199. S2CID   37796070.
  8. Möller, Mareike; Stukenbrock, Eva H. (2017-08-07). "Evolution and genome architecture in fungal plant pathogens". Nature Reviews Microbiology . 15 (12). Nature Portfolio: 756–771. doi:10.1038/nrmicro.2017.76. ISSN   1740-1526. PMID   28781365. S2CID   23589377.
  9. Hovmøller, Mogens S.; Sørensen, Chris K.; Walter, Stephanie; Justesen, Annemarie F. (2011-09-08). "Diversity of Puccinia striiformis on Cereals and Grasses". Annual Review of Phytopathology . 49 (1). Annual Reviews: 197–217. doi:10.1146/annurev-phyto-072910-095230. ISSN   0066-4286. PMID   21599494. S2CID   41199857.
  10. Aslanov, Rufat; Moussa El Jarroudi; Mélanie Gollier; Marine Pallez-Barthel; Marco Beyer (2019-01-04). "Yellow rust does not like cold winters. But how to find out which temperature and time frames could be decisive in vivo?". Journal of Plant Pathology . online first (1): 539–546. doi:10.1007/s42161-018-00233-y. hdl:2268/230814. S2CID   91716438.
  11. 1 2 Ali, Sajid; Pierre Gladieux; Marc Leconte; Angélique Gautier; Annemarie F. Justesen; Mogens S. Hovmøller; Jérôme Enjalbert; Claude de Vallavieille-Pope (2014-01-23). "Origin, Migration Routes and Worldwide Population Genetic Structure of the Wheat Yellow Rust Pathogen Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici". PLOS Pathogens. 10 (1): e1003903. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003903 . PMC   3900651 . PMID   24465211.
  12. Washington State University College of Agricultural, Human, and Natural Resource Sciences. "Stripe Rust". Washington State University . Retrieved 2 August 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. "Wheat Stripe Rust" (PDF). Utah Pests fact sheet. Utah State University Extension and Utah Plant Pest Diagnostic Laboratory. 2008. PLP-002-PR.
  14. 1 2 3 4 Bouvet, Laura; Holdgate, Sarah; James, Lucy; Thomas, Jane; Mackay, Ian; Cockram, James (2021). "The evolving battle between yellow rust and wheat: implications for global food security". Theoretical and Applied Genetics . 135 (3). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 741–753. doi:10.1007/s00122-021-03983-z. ISSN   0040-5752. PMC   8942934 . PMID   34821981. S2CID   236275608. JC ORCID   0000-0002-1014-6463.
  15. El Amil, Rola (2020-11-09). (DAY 2) - Phytosanitary Safety for Transboundary pest prevention - Yellow and Black rust population variability. CGIAR Germplasm Health Webinar series. Vol. Phytosanitary Awareness Week. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture / CGIAR. Slide at 00:44:37. Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute, Lebanon. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21.