These are the full results of the 2008 South American Under-23 Championships in Athletics which took place between September 5 and September 7, 2008, at Villa Deportiva Nacional (VIDENA) in Lima, Peru. [1] [2] [3]
Heat 1 – 5 September 16:00h
Heat 2 – 5 September 16:00h
| Final – 6 September 9:55h
|
Final – 7 September 14:10h
Wind: -1.0 m/s
| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bruno Lins Tenorio de Barros | 21.13 | |||
| Franklin Nazareno | 21.38 | |||
| Nilson de Oliveira André | 21.53 | |||
| 4 | Cristián Reyes | 21.80 | ||
| 5 | José Vidal | 22.53 | ||
| 6 | Santiago Vidovic | 23.34 | ||
| Rosendo Valiente | DNS | |||
| Álvaro Cassiani | DNS |
Heat 1 – 5 September 16:40h
Heat 2 – 5 September 16:40h
| Final – 6 September 10:15h
|
Final – 7 September 14:30h
| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fernando Lina da Silva | 1:50.09 | |||
| Diomar Noemio de Souza | 1:50.11 | |||
| Ramón Michel | 1:50.32 | |||
| 4 | Diego Rincón | 1:51.43 | ||
| 5 | Mauricio Valdivia | 1:51.91 | ||
| 6 | Julio Alfredo Pérez | 1:53.43 | ||
| 7 | José Luis Alarcón | 1:54.68 | ||
| 8 | Freddy Espinoza | 1:55.07 | ||
| 9 | Alex Cisneros | 1:55.95 | ||
| 10 | Lino Pérez | 1:57.58 | ||
| Andy Múñoz | DNS |
Final – 5 September 17:00h
| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mario Bazán | 3:50.65 | |||
| Freddy Espinoza | 3:50.98 | |||
| Mauricio Valdivia | 3:52.11 | |||
| 4 | Jefferson Peña | 3:54.38 | ||
| 5 | Eduardo Gregorio | 3:54.65 | ||
| 6 | Iván López | 3:54.78 | ||
| 7 | Fábio de Teixeira Resende Queiroz | 3:55.07 | ||
| 8 | Jean Pierre Campos Ferrugem | 3:58.17 | ||
| 9 | Alex Cisneros | 4:01.71 | ||
| 10 | José Lizarraga | 4:04.78 | ||
| 11 | Juan Sánchez | 4:07.75 |
Final – 7 September 15:00h
| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Robson Pereira de Lima | 14:24.25 | |||
| Mario Bazán | 14:25.48 | |||
| John Tello | 14:31.56 | |||
| 4 | Eduardo da Silva Antunes | 14:32.04 | ||
| 5 | Segundo Jami | 14:38.68 | ||
| 6 | Jefferson Peña | 14:43.27 | ||
| 7 | Jaime Caldua | 14:44.16 | ||
| 8 | Fabián Cajamarca | 14:57.28 | ||
| 9 | Juan Sánchez | 15:36.20 | ||
| 10 | Francisco Sanzana | 15:57.28 | ||
| Nicolás Cuestas | DNF | |||
| Pablo Mena | DNF | |||
| Jorge Fernández | DNS |
Final – 6 September 11:00h
| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Robson Pereira de Lima | 30:25.63 | |||
| Andrés Peña | 30:27.72 | |||
| Segundo Jami | 30:39.12 | |||
| 4 | Jaime Caldua | 30:42.02 | ||
| 5 | Efrain Rafael Mamani | 33:12.05 | ||
| 6 | Nicolás Cuestas | 34:10.02 | ||
| 7 | Francisco Sanzana | 35:08.45 | ||
| Jorge Fernández | DNS | |||
| Reginaldo de Oliveira Campos Júnior | DNS |
Final – 6 September 15:40h
| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mario Bazán | 8:52.95 | |||
| Eduardo da Silva Antunes | 8:57.49 | |||
| Fabián Cajamarca | 9:13.90 | |||
| 4 | Eduardo Gregorio | 9:23.47 | ||
| 5 | Dubison Amézquita | 9:24.41 | ||
| 6 | Pablo Mena | 9:27.46 | ||
| 7 | José Lizarraga | 9:27.93 | ||
| 8 | Sérgio Murilo de Jesus Ferreira | 9:33.05 |
Final – 6 September 9:30h
Wind: -2.5 m/s
| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jorge McFarlane | 14.24 | |||
| Luiz Alberto Cardoso de Araújo | 14.34 | |||
| Éder Antônio Souza | 14.34 | |||
| 4 | Mariano Romero | 14.51 | ||
| 5 | Óscar Buttazoni | 15.24 | ||
| 6 | Nicolás Cueto | 15.41 | ||
| 7 | Javier McFarlane | 15.93 |
Final – 7 September 10:45h
| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Andrés Silva | 51.33 | |||
| Thiago de Jesus Sales | 51.52 | |||
| Ingo Stotz | 52.81 | |||
| 4 | Víctor Solarte | 53.25 | ||
| 5 | Douglas Soares Nazareth | 53.37 | ||
| 6 | Hugo Vilca | 55.32 | ||
| 7 | Nicolás Cueto | 56.23 |
Final – 6 September 9:00h
| Rank | Name | Nationality | Result | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wanner Miller | 2.17 | |||
| Guilherme Henrique Cobbo | 2.14 | |||
| Diego Ferrín | 2.11 | |||
| 4 | Diego dos Santos Pereira de Araújo | 2.05 | ||
| 5 | Cristóbal Gómez | 1.95 | ||
| Vicente Aguirre | DNS |
Final – 7 September 9:00h
| Rank | Name | Nationality | Result | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germán Chiaraviglio | 5.10 | |||
| Denk Rolim Koubik | 4.60 | |||
| Kelvin Rolim Koubik | 4.60 | |||
| 4 | Felipe Fuentes | 4.40 | ||
| 5 | Ismael Villarino | 4.40 |
Final – 7 September 11:00h
| Rank | Name | Nationality | Result | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jorge McFarlane | 7.72 (+1.9 m/s) | |||
| Hugo Chila | 7.60 (+1.1 m/s) | |||
| Vicente Aguirre | 7.29 (+0.5 m/s) | |||
| 4 | Carlos Roberto Pio de Moraes Junior | 7.16 (+0.1 m/s) | ||
| 5 | Álvaro Romero | 7.04 (+0.0 m/s) | ||
| 6 | Fabián Padrón | 7.01 (+0.0 m/s) | ||
| 7 | William Barrionuevo | 6.97 (+0.0 m/s) | ||
| 8 | Diego Ferrín | 6.83 (+0.0 m/s) | ||
| 9 | Ignácio Ramírez | 6.49 (+0.5 m/s) | ||
| 10 | Iván Ortiz | 6.07 (+0.8 m/s) | ||
| Peter Camacho | DNS |
Final – 6 September 11:00h
| Rank | Name | Nationality | Result | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hugo Chila | 16.68 (+1.8 m/s) | |||
| Hilton da Silva | 15.94 w(+2.9 m/s) | |||
| Heleno Garay Rodrigues | 15.48 w(+3.0 m/s) | |||
| 4 | Peter Camacho | 15.33 (+1.6 m/s) | ||
| 5 | Wanner Miller | 14.54 (+1.8 m/s) | ||
| 6 | Fabián Padrón | 14.39 w(+2.6 m/s) | ||
| 7 | Ignácio Ramírez | 13.88 w(+2.8 m/s) | ||
| Iván Ortiz | DNS |
Final – 6 September 9:00h
| Rank | Name | Nationality | Result | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Raoni Marques de Morais | 17.43 | |||
| Eder César Moreno | 17.03 | |||
| Javier Eduardo Nieto | 16.83 | |||
| 4 | Maximiliano Alonso | 16.27 | ||
| 5 | Matías López | 16.12 | ||
| 6 | Nicolás Martina | 15.82 | ||
| 7 | Gertymilluson Viera Maciel | 15.81 |
Final – 7 September 11:00h
| Rank | Name | Nationality | Result | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gerson Carvalho dos Santos | 52.79 | |||
| Maximiliano Alonso | 52.62 | |||
| Raoni Marques de Morais | 51.58 | |||
| 4 | Mariano Etchehandy | 46.19 | ||
| Javier Eduardo Nieto | DNS | |||
| Jorge Cuevas | DNS |
Final – 5 September 14:50h
| Rank | Name | Nationality | Result | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jacobo de León | 57.73 | |||
| Allan da Silva Wolski | 56.30 | |||
| Juan Manuel Charadia | 54.14 | |||
| 4 | Jorge Cuevas | 54.02 | ||
| 5 | Everton Luiz Ribeiro | 52.26 | ||
| 6 | Gary Martín Osorio | 51.03 | ||
| 7 | Fernando Aguirre | 46.51 |
Final – 6 September 9:00h
| Rank | Name | Nationality | Result | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ignácio Guerra | 74.55 | |||
| Víctor Abel Fatecha | 69.69 | |||
| Júlio César Miranda de Oliveira | 66.46 | |||
| 4 | François Pouzet | 64.33 | ||
| 5 | Orielso Cabrera | 63.83 | ||
| 6 | Alejandro Ionski | 61.56 | ||
| 7 | Lauro César Freitas Mendes | 61.00 | ||
| 8 | Rubén Méndez | 53.00 | ||
| Benigno Ortega | DNS |
Final – 7 September 9:00h
| Rank | Name | Nationality | 100m | LJ | SP | HJ | 400m | 110m H | DT | PV | JT | 1500m | Points | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Danilo Mendes Xavier | 11.36 (1.8) 782pts | 7.22 866pts | 12.56 640pts | 1.93 740pts | 50.26 803pts | 15.09 (0.0) 839pts | 39.82 661pts | 4.40 731pts | 58.84 720pts | 4:44.42 653pts | 7435 | |||
| Anderson Estevão Venâncio | 11.21 (1.8) 814pts | 6.89 788pts | 12.52 638pts | 1.93 740pts | 49.86 821pts | 15.29 (0.0) 815pts | 39.25 649pts | 4.50 760pts | 62.32 773pts | 5:04.90 521pts | 7319 | |||
| Damián Benedetich | 11.74 (1.8) 703pts | 6.42 679pts | 12.69 648pts | 1.78 610pts | 53.34 667pts | 16.45 (0.0) 683pts | 38.12 626pts | 3.40 457pts | 54.34 653pts | 5:03.89 538pts | 6264 | |||
| 4 | Vitorio Gotuzzo | 11.80 (1.8) 691pts | 6.40 675pts | 11.46 574pts | 1.84 661pts | 52.62 698pts | 17.05 (0.0) 619pts | 33.63 536pts | 2.80 309pts | 47.54 552pts | 4:39.06 686pts | 6001 |
Final – 7 September 7:00h
| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Juan Manuel Cano | 1:26:37 | |||
| Mauricio Arteaga | 1:26:59 | |||
| Pavel Chihuán | 1:29:51 | |||
| 4 | Jonathan Riekmann | 1:30:06 | ||
| 5 | Yerko Araya | 1:31:26 | ||
| 6 | Ferney Rojas | 1:32:16 | ||
| Alex Tapia | DNF | |||
| Daniel Perim Tomasi | DNF | |||
| Edward Araya | DQ |
Final – 6 September 17:00h
| Rank | Nation | Competitors | Time | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ailson da Silva Feitosa Nilson de Oliveira André Bruno Lins Tenorio de Barros Rafael da Silva Ribeiro | 40.06 | |||
| Franco Boccardo Cristián Reyes José Vidal Ingo Stotz | 42.16 | |||
| Álvaro Romero Geraldo Ramírez Javier McFarlane Rosendo Valiente | 42.77 | |||
| 4 | Marcelo Bucheli Hugo Chila Franklin Nazareno Diego Ferrín | 43.74 | ||
| DNF |
Final – 7 September 15:50h
| Rank | Nation | Competitors | Time | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bruno Lins Tenorio de Barros Wagner Francisco Cardoso Henrique Nogueira de Souza Helder Correa Alves | 3:09.02 | |||
| Antonio Alvarado Víctor Solarte Michel Ramón Rubén Headly | 3:15.19 | |||
| Geraldo Ramírez Hugo Vilca Julio Pérez Jorge McFarlane | 3:16.89 | |||
| 4 | José Vidal Mauricio Valdivia Diego Ramos Ingo Stotz | 3:19.36 |
Final – 6 September 9:45h
Wind: -2.5 m/s
| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rosângela Oliveira Santos | 11.91 | |||
| Ana Cláudia Lemos Silva | 12.09 | |||
| Patrícia Blanco | 12.43 | |||
| 4 | María Navas | 12.55 | ||
| 5 | Paola Mautino | 12.75 | ||
| 6 | Maira Cano | 13.15 | ||
| 7 | Amanda Quispe | 13.18 | ||
| 8 | Marysabel Romero | 13.39 |
Final – 7 September 14:00h
Wind: -1.2 m/s
| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ana Cláudia Lemos Silva | 24.06 | |||
| Vanda Ferreira Gomes | 24.88 | |||
| María Navas | 24.95 | |||
| 4 | Maira Cano | 26.14 | ||
| 5 | Paola Mautino | 26.29 | ||
| 6 | Marysabel Romero | 26.81 |
Final – 6 September 10:05h
| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jailma Sales de Lima | 54.46 | |||
| Madelene Rondón | 54.64 | |||
| Elaine Dias Paixão | 56.70 | |||
| 4 | Karina Caicedo | 57.14 | ||
| 5 | Leslie Arnez | 59.61 | ||
| 6 | Mónica Vera | 1:00.19 | ||
| Yelena Alvear | DNF | |||
| Alison Sánchez | DQ |
Final – 7 September 14:20h
| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Madelene Rondón | 2:05.85 | |||
| Muriel Coneo | 2:07.70 | |||
| Thayra Francis dos Santos | 2:08.47 | |||
| 4 | Andrea Ferris | 2:09.66 | ||
| 5 | Evangelina Thomas | 2:16.09 | ||
| 6 | Natalia dos Santos Oliveira | 2:17.08 | ||
| 7 | Yesica Huamán | 2:24.17 |
Final – 6 September 10:25h
| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sabine Leticia Heitling | 4:34.42 | |||
| Muriel Coneo | 4:35.28 | |||
| Andrea Ferris | 4:36.61 | |||
| 4 | Inés Melchor | 4:38.36 | ||
| 5 | Geisiane Mandelli de Lima | 4:44.53 | ||
| 6 | Evangelina Thomas | 4:45.16 | ||
| 7 | Viviana Acosta | 4:45.52 | ||
| 8 | Yesica Huamán | 5:01.99 |
Final – 5 September 17:20h
| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inés Melchor | 16:44.59 | |||
| Karina Villazana | 16:54.96 | |||
| Michele Cristina das Chagas | 17:04.55 | |||
| 4 | Viviana Acosta | 17:07.69 |
Final – 7 September 9:20h
| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inés Melchor | 35:43.27 | |||
| Karina Villazana | 36:07.43 | |||
| Michele Cristina das Chagas | DNF |
Final – 6 September 15:20h
| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sabine Leticia Heitling | 10:17.35 | |||
| Isabel Cristina Feliciano da Silva | 10:36.40 | |||
| Ingrid Galloso | 10:39.82 | |||
| 4 | Yoni Ninahuamán | 10:57.65 | ||
| 5 | Cinthya Páucar | 12:14.65 |
Final – 6 September 9:20h
Wind: -2.1 m/s
| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fabiana dos Santos | 14.25 | |||
| Giselle Marculino de Albuquerque | 14.74 | |||
| Giuliana Franciosi | 14.85 | |||
| 4 | Ljubica Milos | 14.98 | ||
| 5 | Rocío Rodrich | 15.53 |
Final – 7 September 10:30h
| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Higlécia Silva de Oliveira | 59.71 | |||
| Aline Lopes da Silva | 1:01.34 | |||
| Karina Caicedo | 1:01.60 | |||
| 4 | Déborah Rodríguez | 1:02.91 | ||
| 5 | Alison Sánchez | 1:03.20 | ||
| 6 | Gabriela Munizaga | 1:03.21 | ||
| 7 | Rocío Rodrich | 1:06.39 | ||
| 8 | Violeta Gareca | 1:06.74 |
Final – 7 September 10:45h
| Rank | Name | Nationality | Result | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aline Fernanda Santos | 1.77 | |||
| Daiana Sturtz | 1.74 | |||
| Monique Varmeling | 1.74 | |||
| 4 | Valeria Paz | 1.74 | ||
| 5 | Florencia Vergara | 1.68 | ||
| 6 | Michelle Ortiz | 1.60 | ||
| Gabriela Saravia | DNS |
Final – 5 September 14:40h
| Rank | Name | Nationality | Result | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sara Santos Pereira | 3.70 | |||
| Valeria Chiaraviglio | 3.50 | |||
| Aline da Silva | 3.40 | |||
| 4 | Jéssica Fu | 3.40 |
Final – 7 September 9:00h
| Rank | Name | Nationality | Result | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eliane Martins | 6.11 (+0.0 m/s) | |||
| Verónica Davis | 5.79 (+1.1 m/s) | |||
| Kauíza Moreira Venâncio | 5.73 (+0.0 m/s) | |||
| 4 | Lorena Mina | 5.66 (+1.2 m/s) | ||
| 5 | Giuliana Franciosi | 5.40 (+0.0 m/s) | ||
| 6 | Michelle Ortiz | 5.39 (+0.3 m/s) | ||
| 7 | Guillercy González | 5.34 (+0.0 m/s) | ||
| 8 | Carla Cavero | 5.23 (+0.0 m/s) |
Final – 7 September 14:30h
| Rank | Name | Nationality | Result | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Verónica Davis | 13.41 (+0.1 m/s) | |||
| Simone de Oliveira | 13.07 (+0.7 m/s) | |||
| Lorena Mina | 12.86 w(+2.3 m/s) | |||
| 4 | Bianca Amaro dos Santos | 12.65 (+0.9 m/s) | ||
| 5 | Francesca Oliva | 11.62 (+0.2 m/s) | ||
| Carla Cavero | DNS | |||
| Paola Quiñónez | DNS |
Final – 7 September 14:30h
| Rank | Name | Nationality | Result | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Natalia Ducó | 17.77 | |||
| Anna Paula Magalhães Pereira | 15.32 | |||
| Renata Tavares Severiano | 14.28 | |||
| 4 | Alessandra Gamboa | 11.89 | ||
| Rosa Rodríguez | DNS | |||
| Sandra Lemus | DNS |
Final – 6 September 14:30h
| Rank | Name | Nationality | Result | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bárbara Rocío Comba | 54.03 | |||
| Andressa Oliveira de Morais | 51.24 | |||
| Luz Montaño | 48.89 | |||
| 4 | Fernanda Raquel Borges | 45.30 | ||
| 5 | María Fátima Ramos | 39.01 | ||
| 6 | Ana Diana Pereda | 32.63 | ||
| Rosa Rodríguez | DNS |
Final – 6 September 11:00h
| Rank | Name | Nationality | Result | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rosa Rodríguez | 64.76 | |||
| Marynna Santos de Jesus | 56.85 | |||
| Marcela Solano | 52.91 | |||
| 4 | Anna Paula Magalhães Pereira | 50.51 | ||
| 5 | Estela Parodi | 40.42 | ||
| 6 | Ana Diana Pereda | 23.36 |
Final – 5 September 16:30h
| Rank | Name | Nationality | Result | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diana Rivas | 50.64 | |||
| María Paz Ríos | 48.58 | |||
| Jucilene Sales de Lima | 48.44 | |||
| 4 | Paulina Antonio | 44.59 | ||
| 5 | Antonella Ramognini | 42.50 | ||
| 6 | Milene dos Santos Matunaga | 38.42 | ||
| 7 | Diana Flores | 34.88 | ||
| 8 | Alessandra Villarán | 34.74 |
Final – 6 September 0:00h
| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Johana Ordóñez | 1:40:22 | |||
| Magaly Andrade | 1:41:22 | |||
| Ingrid Hernández | 1:41:49 | |||
| 4 | Milángela Rosales | 1:45:13 | ||
| 5 | Sandra Galvis | 1:46:01 | ||
| 6 | Itiara Taiane Becker | 1:54:20 | ||
| 7 | Fariluz Morales | 1:55:36 | ||
| 8 | Jheny Llactahuaman | 1:58:47 | ||
| Liliane Barbosa | DQ | |||
| Bárbara Acuña | DQ |
Final – 6 September 0:00h
| Rank | Name | Nationality | 100m H | HJ | SP | 200m | LJ | JT | 800m | Points | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vanessa Chefer Spinola | 14.83 864pts | 1.65 795pts | 12.53 696pts | 25.81 814pts | 5.52 706pts | 35.92 590pts | 2:31.63 673pts | 5138 | |||
| Karine Rambo Farias | 15.49 778pts | 1.59 724pts | 11.91 655pts | 26.85 725pts | 5.54 712pts | 32.52 501pts | 2:22.76 787pts | 4981 | |||
| Agustina Zerboni | 14.39 924pts | 1.59 724pts | 10.40 556pts | 26.41 762pts | 5.73 768pts | 36.39 599pts | 2:48.74 587pts | 4820 | |||
| 4 | María de la Paz Azatto | 14.59 897pts | 1.62 759pts | 11.40 621pts | 27.55 667pts | 5.24 626pts | 33.09 536pts | 2:59.36 371pts | 4477 |
Final – 6 September 16:40h
| Rank | Nation | Competitors | Time | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ana Cláudia Lemos Silva Rosângela Oliveira Santos Franciela das Graças Krasucki Vanda Ferreira Gomes | 45.76 | |||
| Amanda Quispe Rocío Rodrich Mónica Vera Paola Mautino | 48.65 | |||
| Leslie Arnez Maira Cano Marysabel Romero Alison Sánchez | 48.79 | |||
| DNS |
Final – 7 September 15:30h
| Rank | Nation | Competitors | Time | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aline Lopes da Silva Higlécia Silva de Oliveira Elaine Dias Paixão Jailma Sales de Lima | 3:43.30 | |||
| Patrícia Blanco Guillercy González María Navas Madelene Rondón | 3:53.85 | |||
| Amanda Quispe Mónica Vera Paola Mautino Rocío Rodrich | 4:00.12 | |||
| Leslie Arnez Maira Cano Carla Cavero Alison Sánchez | DQ |
The names of the Brazilian athletes were completed using the published list of participants. [4]