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Boron nitride is a thermally and chemically resistant refractory compound of boron and nitrogen with the chemical formula BN. It exists in various crystalline forms that are isoelectronic to a similarly structured carbon lattice. The hexagonal form corresponding to graphite is the most stable and soft among BN polymorphs, and is therefore used as a lubricant and an additive to cosmetic products. The cubic variety analogous to diamond is called c-BN; it is softer than diamond, but its thermal and chemical stability is superior. The rare wurtzite BN modification is similar to lonsdaleite but slightly softer than the cubic form.
Carbon is a chemical element with the symbol C and atomic number 6. It is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. It belongs to group 14 of the periodic table. Carbon makes up only about 0.025 percent of Earth's crust. Three isotopes occur naturally, 12C and 13C being stable, while 14C is a radionuclide, decaying with a half-life of about 5,730 years. Carbon is one of the few elements known since antiquity.
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are tubes made of carbon with diameters typically measured in nanometers.
Carbon is capable of forming many allotropes due to its valency. Well-known forms of carbon include diamond and graphite. In recent decades, many more allotropes have been discovered and researched including ball shapes such as buckminsterfullerene and sheets such as graphene. Larger scale structures of carbon include nanotubes, nanobuds and nanoribbons. Other unusual forms of carbon exist at very high temperatures or extreme pressures. Around 500 hypothetical 3-periodic allotropes of carbon are known at the present time, according to the Samara Carbon Allotrope Database (SACADA).
Nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) are a class of devices integrating electrical and mechanical functionality on the nanoscale. NEMS form the next logical miniaturization step from so-called microelectromechanical systems, or MEMS devices. NEMS typically integrate transistor-like nanoelectronics with mechanical actuators, pumps, or motors, and may thereby form physical, biological, and chemical sensors. The name derives from typical device dimensions in the nanometer range, leading to low mass, high mechanical resonance frequencies, potentially large quantum mechanical effects such as zero point motion, and a high surface-to-volume ratio useful for surface-based sensing mechanisms. Applications include accelerometers and sensors to detect chemical substances in the air.
Graphene is an allotrope of carbon consisting of a single layer of atoms arranged in a two-dimensional honeycomb lattice. The name is a portmanteau of "graphite" and the suffix -ene, reflecting the fact that the graphite allotrope of carbon consists of stacked graphene layers.
Aggregated diamond nanorods, or ADNRs, are a nanocrystalline form of diamond, also known as nanodiamond or hyperdiamond.
Nanobatteries are fabricated batteries employing technology at the nanoscale, particles that measure less than 100 nanometers or 10−7 meters. These batteries may be nano in size or may use nanotechnology in a macro scale battery. Nanoscale batteries can be combined together to function as a macrobattery such as within a nanopore battery.
Linear acetylenic carbon (LAC), also called carbyne, is an allotrope of carbon that has the chemical structure (−C≡C−)n as a repeating chain, with alternating single and triple bonds. It would thus be the ultimate member of the polyyne family.
The optical properties of carbon nanotubes are highly relevant for materials science. The way those materials interact with electromagnetic radiation is unique in many respects, as evidenced by their peculiar absorption, photoluminescence (fluorescence), and Raman spectra.
Walter Alexander "Walt" de Heer is a Dutch physicist and nanoscience researcher known for discoveries in the electronic shell structure of metal clusters, magnetism in transition metal clusters, field emission and ballistic conduction in carbon nanotubes, and graphene-based electronics.
Rodney S. "Rod" Ruoff is an American physical chemist and nanoscience researcher. He is one of the world experts on carbon materials including carbon nanostructures such as fullerenes, nanotubes, graphene, diamond, and has had pioneering discoveries on such materials and others. Ruoff received his B.S. in Chemistry from the University of Texas at Austin (1981) and his Ph.D. in Chemical Physics at the University of Illinois-Urbana (1988). After a Fulbright Fellowship at the MPI fuer Stroemungsforschung in Goettingen, Germany (1989) and postdoctoral work at the IBM T. J. Watson Research Center (1990–91), Ruoff became a staff scientist in the Molecular Physics Laboratory at SRI International (1991-1996). He is currently UNIST Distinguished Professor at the Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), and the director of the Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, an Institute for Basic Science Center located at UNIST.
Lee Young-hee is a South Korean physicist. He is currently professor in physics and energy science at Sungkyunkwan University as a SKKU fellow. He is also director of the Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics in the Institute for Basic Science (IBS). He has been a Clarivate Analytics Highly Cited Researcher in the cross-field category in 2018, 2019, and 2020.
In materials science the term single-layer materials or 2D materials refers to crystalline solids consisting of a single layer of atoms. These materials are promising for some applications but remain the focus of research. Single-layer materials derived from single elements generally carry the -ene suffix in their names, e.g. graphene. Single-layer materials that are compounds of two or more elements have -ane or -ide suffixes. 2D materials can generally be categorised as either 2D allotropes of various elements or as compounds.
Penta-graphene is a hypothetical carbon allotrope composed entirely of carbon pentagons and resembling the Cairo pentagonal tiling. Penta-graphene was proposed in 2014 on the basis of analyses and simulations. Further calculations showed that it is unstable in its pure form, but can be stabilized by hydrogenation. Owing to its atomic configuration, penta-graphene has an unusually negative Poisson’s ratio and very high ideal strength believed to exceed that of a similar material, graphene.
Carbon peapod is a hybrid nanomaterial consisting of spheroidal fullerenes encapsulated within a carbon nanotube. It is named due to their resemblance to the seedpod of the pea plant. Since the properties of carbon peapods differ from those of nanotubes and fullerenes, the carbon peapod can be recognized as a new type of a self-assembled graphitic structure. Possible applications of nano-peapods include nanoscale lasers, single electron transistors, spin-qubit arrays for quantum computing, nanopipettes, and data storage devices thanks to the memory effects and superconductivity of nano-peapods.
A rapidly increasing list of graphene production techniques have been developed to enable graphene's use in commercial applications.
A graphene morphology is any of the structures related to, and formed from, single sheets of graphene. 'Graphene' is typically used to refer to the crystalline monolayer of the naturally occurring material graphite. Due to quantum confinement of electrons within the material at these low dimensions, small differences in graphene morphology can greatly impact the physical and chemical properties of these materials. Commonly studied graphene morphologies include the monolayer sheets, bilayer sheets, graphene nanoribbons and other 3D structures formed from stacking of the monolayer sheets.
A graphene helix, similar to the carbon nanotube, is a structure consisting of a two-dimensional sheet of graphene wrapped into a helix. These graphene sheets can have multiple layers, called multi-walled carbon structures, that add to these helixes thus increasing their tensile strength but increasing the difficulty of manufacturing. Using van der Waals interactions it can make structures within one another. By using these graphene sheets in this way it becomes possible to create the perfect material, with microscopic size, immense tensile strength, and thermal and electrical conductivity. With these physical properties, its applications into nanotechnologies are seemingly limitless, where it can be used to help sequence DNA to be used in small scale semiconductors. In the model, the one-dimensional materials are resulted from spiral growth of a graphene ribbon, like an ivy growing on a tree in nature, resulting in a helically opened, tube-like structure.
References
- ↑ Lee, Jae-Kap; Lee, Seung-Cheol; Ahn, Jae-Pyoung; Kim, Soo-Chul; Wilson, John I. B.; John, Phillip (21 December 2008). "The growth of AA graphite on (111) diamond". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 129 (23): 234709. Bibcode:2008JChPh.129w4709L. doi:10.1063/1.2975333. PMID 19102554.
- ↑ Lee, Jae-Kap; Kim, Jin-Gyu; Hembram, K. P. S. S.; Kim, Yong-Il; Min, Bong-Ki; Park, Yeseul; Lee, Jeon-Kook; Moon, Dong Ju; Lee, Wooyoung; Lee, Sang-Gil; John, Phillip (21 December 2016). "The Nature of Metastable AA' Graphite: Low Dimensional Nano- and Single-Crystalline Forms". Scientific Reports. 6 (1): 39624. Bibcode:2016NatSR...639624L. doi:10.1038/srep39624. PMC 5175192 . PMID 28000780.
- ↑ Lee, Jae-Kap; Lee, Sohyung; Kim, Yong-Il; Kim, Jin-Gyu; Lee, Kyung-Il; Ahn, Jae-Pyoung; Min, Bong-Ki; Yu, Chung-Jong; Hwa Chae, Keun; John, Phillip (22 April 2013). "Structure of multi-wall carbon nanotubes: AA′ stacked graphene helices". Applied Physics Letters. 102 (16): 161911. arXiv: 1201.2327 . Bibcode:2013ApPhL.102p1911L. doi:10.1063/1.4802881. S2CID 118476436.
attribution This article contains content copied from ( Lee et al. 2016 ) licensed under CC-BY-4.0 license