The heat shock proteins HslV and HslU are expressed in many bacteria such as E. coli in response to cell stress. The hslV protein is a protease and the hslU protein is an ATPase; the two form a symmetric assembly of four stacked rings, consisting of an hslV dodecamer bound to an hslU hexamer, with a central pore in which the protease and ATPase active sites reside. The hslV protein degrades unneeded or damaged proteins only when in complex with the hslU protein in the ATP-bound state. HslV is thought to resemble the hypothetical ancestor of the proteasome, a large protein complex specialized for regulated degradation of unneeded proteins in eukaryotes, many archaea, and a few bacteria. HslV bears high similarity to core subunits of proteasomes.
The acetolactate synthase (ALS) enzyme is a protein found in plants and micro-organisms. ALS catalyzes the first step in the synthesis of the branched-chain amino acids.
The ATP5MF gene encodes the ATP synthase subunit f, mitochondrial enzyme in humans.
ATP synthase subunit g, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ATP5MG gene.
The human ATP5F1C gene encodes the gamma subunit of an enzyme called mitochondrial ATP synthase.
ATP synthase subunit b, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ATP5PB gene.
The human gene ATP5PD encodes subunit d of the peripheral stalk part of the enzyme mitochondrial ATP synthase.
ATP synthase subunit O, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ATP5PO gene.
The sucA RNA motif is a conserved RNA structure found in bacteria of the order Burkholderiales. RNAs within this motif are always found in the presumed 5' UTR of sucA genes. sucA encodes a subunit of an enzyme that participates in the citric acid cycle by synthesizing succinyl-CoA from 2-oxoglutarate. A part of the conserved structure overlaps predicted Shine-Dalgarno sequences of the downstream sucA genes. Because of the RNA motif's consistent gene association and a possible mechanism for sequestering the ribosome binding site, it was proposed that the sucA RNA motif corresponds to a cis-regulatory element. Its relatively complex secondary structure could indicate that it is a riboswitch. However, the function of this RNA motif remains unknown.
The Cyano-S1 RNA motif is a conserved RNA structure present in some species of Cyanobacteria. Cyano-S1 RNAs are consistently found upstream of genes encoding ribosomal protein S1, a subunit of the ribosome. Therefore, they are presumed to be ribosomal protein leaders, i.e., cis-regulatory elements to which the ribosomal protein S1 binds, thereby controlling its expression levels.
The lacto-2 RNA motif is an RNA structure that is conserved amongst bacteria within the order Lactobacillales. The motif consists of a stem-loop whose stem is interrupted by many internal loops and bulges. Nucleotide identities in many places are conserved, and one internal loop in particular is highly conserved.
The glutamine riboswitch is a conserved RNA structure that was predicted by bioinformatics. It is present in a variety of lineages of cyanobacteria, as well as some phages that infect cyanobacteria. It is also found in DNA extracted from uncultivated bacteria living in the ocean that are presumably species of cyanobacteria.
The psaA RNA motif describes a class of RNAs with a common secondary structure. psaA RNAs are exclusively found in locations that presumably correspond to the 5' untranslated regions of operons formed of psaA and psaB genes. For this reason, it was hypothesized that psaA RNAs function as cis-regulatory elements of these genes. The psaAB genes encode proteins that form subunits in the photosystem I structure used for photosynthesis. psaA RNAs have been detected only in cyanobacteria, which is consistent with their association with photosynthesis.
Yfr2 is a family of non-coding RNAs. Members of the Yrf2 family have been identified in almost all studied species of cyanobacteria. The family was identified through a bioinformatics screen of published cyanobacterial genomes, having previously been grouped in a family of Yfr2–5.
The Cupriavidus-1 RNA motif is a conserved RNA structure that was discovered by bioinformatics. Cupriavidus-1 motifs are found in Betaproteobacteria, within Cupriavidus.
The gltS RNA motif is a conserved RNA structure that was discovered by bioinformatics. gltS motifs are found in the bacterial lineage Vibrionaceae.
The leuA-Halobacteria RNA motif is a conserved RNA structure that was discovered by bioinformatics. leuA-Halobacteria motifs are found in Halobacteriaceae, a lineage of archaea.
The nqrA-Marinomonas RNA motif is a conserved RNA structure that was discovered by bioinformatics. nqrA-Marinomonas motif RNAs are found in Marinomonas.
The Streptomyces-atpC RNA motif is a conserved RNA structure that was discovered by bioinformatics. Streptomyces-atpC motif RNAs are found in organisms classified within the genus Streptomyces.
The uup RNA motif is a conserved RNA structure that was discovered by bioinformatics. uup motif RNAs are found in Bacillota and Gammaproteobacteria.
