Criticism
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A History of the Modern World is a work initially published by the distinguished American historian at Princeton and Yale universities Robert Roswell Palmer in 1950. The work has since been extended by Joel Colton (from its second edition, 1956) [1] and Lloyd S. Kramer (from its ninth edition, 2001), [2] and currently counts 12 editions. [3] [2] First published in 1950, and translated into six languages, the book is used in more than 1,000 colleges and universities, as well as many high school advanced placement courses. [4]
The second edition (1956), comprises two volumes, 20 main chapters and 110 sub-chapters. [5] The author focuses on World History from a European perspective, and the newer editions also exists under the title "A History of Europe in the Modern World". [6]
Content of the second edition, Note: Swedish translation re-translated. Although this double translation may differ in some words or formulations, from the American English original, this illustrates the content and structure of R.R. Palmer's work.
The Ancient Greece to 1848
1. Ancient Greece, Rome and Christianity, p. 3
2. Early Middle Ages, Forming of Europe, p. 10
3. High Middle Ages, Profane culture, p. 18
4. High Middle Ages, the Church, p. 29
5. Decay of the Church, p. 39
6. The Renaissance in Italy, p. 44
7. The Renaissance outside Italy, p. 52
8. The new Monarchies, p. 54
9. Protestantism, p. 60
10. Catholic reformation and restructure, p. 73
11. Opening of the Atlantic Ocean, p. 81
12. The Commercial Revolution, p. 85
13. The Spanish Inquisition; the Dutch and the English, p. 95
14. France's decomposition and reconstruction, p. 104
15. The thirty-year war; Germany's decay, p. 111
16. The Great Monarch and the Balance in Europe, p. 121
17. The Dutch Republic, p. 124
18. England: the Puritan Republic, p. 129
19. England: the Triumph of the Parliament, p. 136
20. Louis XIV's France 1643-1715; the Triumph of Absolutism, p. 142
21. Louis XIV's War; Treaty of Utrecht, p. 152
22. Three aging values, p. 159
23. Arising of the Austrian Monarchy, p. 170
24. Origin of Prussia, p. 175
25. Russia's Transforming into Western Values, p. 175
26. Poland's divisions, p. 195
27. The World's Housekeeping during the 18th Century, p. 200
28. Western Europe after Utrecht, p. 209
29. The Big War in the middle of the 18th Century, p. 219
30. The Prophets of Scientific Culture - Bacon and Descartes, p. 234
31. The Road to Newton: Law of Gravitation, p. 239
32. Expanded Knowledge of the Human Being and Society, p. 247
33. Political Theory: the Natural Law School, p. 254
34. "The Philosophers", p. 261
35. Enlightened Despotism, France, Austria, Prussia, p. 272
36. Enlightened Despotism, Russia, p. 282
37. The American Revolution, p. 289
38. Preconditions, p. 303
39. The Revolution 1789, p. 307
40. The French Unity, p. 315
41. The Revolution and Europe: The War and the "second" revolution 1792, p. 320
42. The French Remodeling of Society, p. 315
43. Republican Crisis 1792-95: Reign of Terror, p. 325
44. The Despotic Republic 1799-1804, p. 337
45. The Creation of the French Empire, p. 345
46. The large Empire: the Propagation of the Revolution, p. 354
47. The Continental System: Britain and Europe, p. 359
48. The National Movements: Germany, p. 364
49. Napoleon defeated: The Vienna Congress, p. 372
50. The Industrial Revolution, p. 384
51. Origin of the new Ideologies, p. 391
52. The Dam of the River: Domestic Politics, p. 403
53. The Breakthrough of Liberalism in the West: The Revolutions 1830-32, p. 413
54. The triumph of Western Bourgeois, p. 423
The 1848 Revolutions to the Second World War and its aftermath
56: Paris: the Ghost of Western Social Revolutions, p. 2
57: Vienna: the National Revolution in Central Europe, p. 9
58: Frankfurt and Berlin: the Question of a Liberal Europe, p. 17
59: The Consequences of the 1848 Revolutions: the hard Objectivity, p. 24
60: Birth of Marxism, p. 27
61: Bonaparteism: The Second French Empire 1852-70, p. 33
62: Background: the idea of National States, p. 39
63: Cavour and the Italian War 1859: Italy's Unification, p. 42
64: Bismarck: the Foundation of the German Empire, p. 47
65: The Double Monarchy Austria-Hungary, p. 56
66: Liberalisation of Tsar-Russia: Alexander II, p. 60
67: United States: The Civil War, p. 65
68: Dominion Canada 1867, p. 71
69: Japan versus the West, p. 74
70: "The Civilized World", p. 82
71: Demographic Basics: The Growth of the European Population, p. 84
72: The World's Housekeeping during the 19th Century, p. 92
73: Democracy's progress: Third French Republic, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, German Empire, p. 100
74: Democracy's progress: Socialism and Worker's Unions, p. 112
75: Science, Philosophy and Religion, p. 119
76: The Extinction of Classic Liberalism, p. 129
77: Imperialism: its Nature and Reasons, p. 137
78: America, p. 144
79: The Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, p. 149
80: Africa's division, p. 157
81: Imperialism in Asia: the Dutch, the British and the Russians, p. 164
82: Imperialism in Asia: China and the West, p. 168
83: The Russian-Japanese war, p. 172
84: The International Anarchy, p. 175
85: The Battle of Marne and the new Countenance of the War, p. 184
86: Stalemate 1915-1916, the Navy, the Army, Diplomacy, p. 186
87: The Russian Collapse and the United States' intervention, p. 194
88: The Collapse of the Austrian and German Empires, p. 200
89: The War's Economical and Social Effects, p. 202
90: The Peace in Paris 1919, p. 206
91: Background, p. 216
92: The 1905 Revolution, p. 224
93: The 1917 Revolution, p. 229
94: The Union of the Socialist Soviet Republics, p. 237
95: Stalin: the Five Year Plans and the Cleansings, p. 244
96: The International Effects of Communism, p. 254
97: Democracy's advancement and the New Deal, p. 260
98: The German Republic and the Spirit of Locarno, p. 265
99: Asia's Revolt, p. 272
100: The Great Depression: Collapse of the World's Housekeeping, p. 284
101: The United States: Depression and the New Deal, p. 292
102: Stress and Adaptation for the British and French Democracies, p. 297
103: Totalitarianism: The Italian Fascism, p. 306
104: Totalitarianism: Germany's Third Reich, p. 311
105: Weakness of the West: Against a New War, p. 323
106: The Axis Powers' Triumphs, p. 333
107: The Western Powers' and Soviet Union's Victories, p. 341
108: Restructure and Revolution in Europe and Asia after the War, p. 349
109: The Democracies After 1945, p. 358
110: Two Worlds at Conflict, p. 368
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The history of Europe is traditionally divided into four time periods: prehistoric Europe, classical antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the modern era.
Pan-Slavism, a movement which crystallized in the mid-19th century, is the political ideology concerned with the advancement of integrity and unity for the Slavic people. Its main impact occurred in the Balkans, where non-Slavic empires had ruled the South Slavs for centuries. These were mainly the Byzantine Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Venice.
A republic, based on the Latin phrase res publica, is a state in which political power rests with the public and their representatives—in contrast to a monarchy.
Absolute monarchy is a form of monarchy in which the monarch rules in his or her own right or power. In an absolute monarchy, the king or queen is by no means limited and has absolute power. These are often hereditary monarchies. On the other hand, in constitutional monarchies, in which the authority of the head of state is also bound or restricted by the constitution, a legislature, or unwritten customs, the king or queen is not the only one to decide, and his or her entourage also exercises power, mainly the prime minister.
Robert Roswell Palmer was an American historian at Princeton and Yale universities, who specialized in eighteenth-century France. His most influential work of scholarship, The Age of the Democratic Revolution: A Political History of Europe and America, 1760–1800, examined the Atlantic Revolutions, an age of democratic revolution that swept Europe and the Americas between 1760 and 1800. He was awarded the Bancroft Prize in History for the first volume. Palmer also achieved distinction as a history text writer.
The Revolutions of 1830 were a revolutionary wave in Europe which took place in 1830. It included two "romantic nationalist" revolutions, the Belgian Revolution in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and the July Revolution in France along with rebellions in Congress Poland, Italian states, Portugal and Switzerland. It was followed eighteen years later, by another and much stronger wave of revolutions known as the Revolutions of 1848.
The Kingdom of France is the historiographical name or umbrella term given to various political entities of France in the medieval and early modern period. It was one of the most powerful states in Europe since the High Middle Ages. It was also an early colonial power, with colonies in Asia and Africa, and the largest being New France in North America.
The Age of Revolution is a period from the late-18th to the mid-19th centuries during which a number of significant revolutionary movements occurred in most of Europe and the Americas. The period is noted for the change from absolutist monarchies to representative governments with a written constitution, and the creation of nation states.
The historical phenomenon of colonization is one that stretches around the globe and across time. Ancient and medieval colonialism was practiced by the Phoenicians, Greeks, Turks, and Arabs.
The revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Springtime of the Peoples or the Springtime of Nations, were a series of revolutions throughout Europe over the course of more than one year, from 1848 to 1849. It remains the most widespread revolutionary wave in European history to date.
The rise of nationalism in Europe was stimulated by the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars. American political science professor Leon Baradat has argued that “nationalism calls on people to identify with the interests of their national group and to support the creation of a state – a nation-state – to support those interests.” Nationalism was the ideological impetus that, in a few decades, transformed Europe. Rule by monarchies and foreign control of territory was replaced by self-determination and newly formed national governments. Some countries, such as Germany and Italy were formed by uniting various regional states with a common "national identity". Others, such as Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Poland were formed by uprisings against the Ottoman or Russian Empires. Romania is a special case, formed by the unification of the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia in 1859 and later gaining independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1878.
The Herbert Baxter Adams Prize is an annual book prize of the American Historical Association. It is awarded for "a distinguished first book by a young scholar in the field of European history", and is named in honor of Herbert Baxter Adams, who was from the faculty of Johns Hopkins University and one of the founders of the AHA.
The European balance of power is a tenet in international relations that no single power should be allowed to achieve hegemony over a substantial part of Europe. During much of the Modern Age, the balance was achieved by having a small number of ever-changing alliances contending for power, which culminated in the World Wars of the early 20th century. By 1945, European-led global dominance and rivalry had ended and the doctrine of European balance of power was replaced by a worldwide balance of power involving the United States and the Soviet Union as the modern superpowers.
In many periodizations of human history, the late modern period followed the early modern period. It began approximately around the year 1800 and depending on the author, either ended with the beginning of contemporary history after World War II in 1945, or includes the contemporary history period up to the present day. Notable historical events in the late 18th century that marked the transition from the early modern period to the late modern period include – the American Revolution (1765–1791), the French Revolution (1789–1799), and the beginning of the Industrial Revolution around 1760.
Liberalism, the belief in freedom, equality, democracy and human rights, is historically associated with thinkers such as John Locke and Montesquieu, and with constitutionally limiting the power of the monarch, affirming parliamentary supremacy, passing the Bill of Rights and establishing the principle of "consent of the governed". The 1776 Declaration of Independence of the United States founded the nascent republic on liberal principles without the encumbrance of hereditary aristocracy—the declaration stated that "all men are created equal and endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights, among these life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness". A few years later, the French Revolution overthrew the hereditary aristocracy, with the slogan "liberty, equality, fraternity" and was the first state in history to grant universal male suffrage. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, first codified in 1789 in France, is a foundational document of both liberalism and human rights, itself based on the U.S. Declaration of Independence written in 1776. The intellectual progress of the Enlightenment, which questioned old traditions about societies and governments, eventually coalesced into powerful revolutionary movements that toppled what the French called the Ancien Régime, the belief in absolute monarchy and established religion, especially in Europe, Latin America and North America.
The Age of Capital: 1848–1875 is a book by Eric Hobsbawm, first published in 1975. It is the second in a trilogy of books about "the long 19th century", preceded by The Age of Revolution: Europe 1789–1848 and followed by The Age of Empire: 1875–1914. A fourth book, The Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914–1991, acts as a sequel to the trilogy.
Monarchism is the advocacy of the system of monarchy or monarchical rule. A monarchist is an individual who supports this form of government independently of any specific monarch, whereas one who supports a particular monarch is a royalist. Conversely, the opposition to monarchical rule is referred to as republicanism.
Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism, originally published as Imperialism, the Newest Stage of Capitalism, is a book written by Vladimir Lenin in 1916 and published in 1917. It describes the formation of oligopoly, by the interlacing of bank and industrial capital, in order to create a financial oligarchy, and explains the function of financial capital in generating profits from the exploitation colonialism inherent to imperialism, as the final stage of capitalism. The essay synthesises Lenin's developments of Karl Marx's theories of political economy in Das Kapital (1867).
This article covers worldwide diplomacy and, more generally, the international relations of the great powers from 1814 to 1919. This era covers the period from the end of the Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of Vienna (1814–1815), to the end of the First World War and the Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920).
The French Revolution had a major impact on Europe and the New World. Historians widely regard the Revolution as one of the most important events in European history. In the short-term, France lost thousands of its countrymen in the form of émigrés, or emigrants who wished to escape political tensions and save their lives. A number of individuals settled in the neighboring countries, while some settled in Russia, and many also went to Canada and the United States. The displacement of these Frenchmen led to a spread of French culture, policies regulating immigration, and a safe haven for Royalists and other counterrevolutionaries to outlast the violence of the French Revolution. The long-term impact on France was profound, shaping politics, society, religion and ideas, and politics for more than a century. The closer other countries were, the greater and deeper was the French impact, bringing liberalism, but also practices such as direct democracy and revolutionary terror along with the end of many feudal or traditional laws and practices. However, there was also a conservative counter-reaction that defeated Napoleon, reinstalled the Bourbon kings, and in some ways reversed the new reforms.