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Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique, is a country located in southeast Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi and Zambia to the northwest, Zimbabwe to the west, and Eswatini and South Africa to the southwest. The sovereign state is separated from the Comoros, Mayotte and Madagascar by the Mozambique Channel to the east. The capital and largest city is Maputo.
Mozambique was a Portuguese colony, overseas province and later a member state of Portugal. It gained independence from Portugal in 1975.
Samora Moisés Machel was a Mozambican military commander and political leader. A socialist in the tradition of Marxism–Leninism, he served as the first President of Mozambique from the country's independence in 1975.
Joaquim Alberto Chissano is a politician who served as the second President of Mozambique, from 1986 to 2005. He is credited with transforming the war-torn country of Mozambique into a successful African democracy. After his presidency, Chissano became an elder statesman, envoy and diplomat for both his home country and the United Nations. Chissano also served as Chairperson of the African Union from 2003 to 2004.
FRELIMO is a democratic socialist political party in Mozambique. It has been the country's ruling party since 1977.
The flag of Mozambique is the national flag of the Republic of Mozambique that was adopted on 1 May 1983. It is a tricolor flag with white fimbriations and a red triangle. Teal stands for the riches of the land, the white fimbriations signify peace, black represents the African continent, yellow symbolises the country's minerals, and red represents the struggle for independence. It includes the image of a Kalashnikov rifle with a bayonet attached to the barrel crossed by a hoe, superimposed on an open book. The rifle stands for defence and vigilance, the open book symbolises the importance of education, the hoe represents the country's agriculture, and the star symbolizes the spirit of the international solidarity of the Mozambican people. It is one of four national flags among UN member states that feature a firearm, along with those of Guatemala, Haiti and Bolivia, but is the only one of the four to feature a modern firearm instead of cannons or muskets.
RENAMO is a Mozambican political party and militant group. The party was founded with the active sponsorship of the Rhodesian Central Intelligence Organisation (CIO) in May 1977 from anti-communist dissidents opposed to Mozambique's ruling FRELIMO party. RENAMO was initially led by André Matsangaissa, a former senior official in FRELIMO's armed wing, and was composed of several anti-communist dissident groups which appeared immediately prior to, and shortly following, Mozambican independence. Matsangaissa, who died in 1979, was succeeded by Afonso Dhlakama, who led the organization until his death in 2018. He was succeeded by Ossufo Momade.
"Viva, Viva a FRELIMO" was the national anthem of Mozambique from independence from Portugal on 25 June 1975 to 30 April 2002, when it was replaced by "Pátria Amada".
Eduardo Chivambo Mondlane was the President of the Mozambican Liberation Front (FRELIMO) from 1962, the year that FRELIMO was founded in Tanzania, until his assassination in 1969. Born in Mozambique, he was an anthropologist by profession, and worked as a history and sociology professor at Syracuse University before returning to Mozambique in 1963.
The Portuguese Colonial War, also known in Portugal as the Overseas War or in the former colonies as the War of Liberation, and also known as the Angolan, Guinea-Bissau and Mozambican War of Independence, was a 13-year-long conflict fought between Portugal's military and the emerging nationalist movements in Portugal's African colonies between 1961 and 1974. The Portuguese regime at the time, the Estado Novo, was overthrown by a military coup in 1974, and the change in government brought the conflict to an end. The war was a decisive ideological struggle in Lusophone Africa, surrounding nations, and mainland Portugal.
The Mozambican Civil War was a civil war fought in Mozambique from 1977 to 1992. Like many regional African conflicts during the late twentieth century, the impetus for the Mozambican Civil War included local dynamics exacerbated greatly by the polarizing effects of Cold War politics. The war was fought between Mozambique's ruling Marxist Mozambique Liberation Front (FRELIMO), the anti-communist insurgent forces of the Mozambican National Resistance (RENAMO), and a number of smaller factions such as the PRM, UNAMO, COREMO, UNIPOMO, and FUMO.
The Mozambican War of Independence was an armed conflict between the guerrilla forces of the Mozambique Liberation Front or FRELIMO and Portugal. The war officially started on September 25, 1964, and ended with a ceasefire on September 8, 1974, resulting in a negotiated independence in 1975.
Marcelino dos Santos was a Mozambican poet, revolutionary, and politician. As a young man he travelled to Portugal, and France for an education. He was a founding member of the Frente de Libertação de Moçambique, in 1962, and served as the party's deputy president from 1969 to 1977. He was Minister of Economic Development in the late 1970s, Frelimo Political Bureau member in charge of the economy in the early 1980s, Chairman of the country's parliament, the Assembly of the Republic, from 1987 to 1994, and, as of 1999, remained a member of the Frelimo Central Committee. He represented the left wing of the party, remaining an avowed Marxist-Leninist, despite the party's embrace of capitalism in recent decades, an embrace which dos Santos declared was temporary.
The People's Republic of Mozambique was a socialist state that existed in present-day Mozambique from 1975 to 1990.
Operation Gordian Knot was the largest and most expensive Portuguese military campaign in the Portuguese overseas province of Mozambique, East Africa. The operation was carried out in 1970, during the Portuguese Colonial War (1961–1974). The objectives of the campaign were to close down the Mozambique Liberation Front (FRELIMO)'s infiltration routes across the Tanzanian border and to destroy permanent FRELIMO bases inside the liberated zones in Northern Mozambique. Gordian Knot was a seven-month long campaign ultimately employing thirty-five thousand men, and was almost successful since it destroyed most guerrilla camps located inside FRELIMO's liberated zones and captured large numbers of rebels and armaments, forcing FRELIMO to retreat from their bases and outposts in the provinces. The operation ultimately failed when FRELIMO forces regrouped and thrust further south into the province of Tete, opening a new front and overstretching the Portuguese Army. The failure of Gordian Knot helped fuel the discontent that led to the Carnation Revolution in April 1974.
A luta continua was the rallying cry of the FRELIMO movement during Mozambique's war for independence. The phrase is in the Portuguese language a slogan coined by the first president of FRELIMO, Dr. Eduardo Chivambo Mondlane, which he used to rally the population in the liberated zones of Mozambique during the armed struggle against Portuguese colonial rule. Following his assassination in 1969, his successor, Samora Machel, continued to use the slogan to cultivate popular support during post-independence to mobilize the population for a new Mozambique which Mondlane defined as "We fight together, and together we rebuild and we recreate our country, producing a new reality - a New Mozambique, United and Freed. The struggle continues!"
Robert F. Van Lierop is a United States and ni-Vanuatu lawyer, diplomat, political activist, filmmaker, writer and photojournalist.
The National Liberation Front of Algeria, also known as the Front de Libération Nationale (FLN), aided a number of African Independence Movements against colonial rule in the 20th century. However, the precise impact, nature, and extent of the FLN's aid to African Independence Movements remains highly debated. That being said, the FLN's involvement is said to have been direct and indirect. For example, it directly aided Mozambique, helping to train soldiers from FRELIMO, the Mozambique Liberation Front, in Algeria. In fact, it estimated by the CIA to have trained approximately 200 FRELIMO fighters in 1964. It indirectly inspired and aided the study of post-Colonialism in Africa. For example, the FLN inspired Amilcar Cabral, a national liberation theorist from Guinea-Bissau. Algeria gained independence from France in 1962 with the help of the FLN, and consequently, served as an example of successful and violent liberation from a colonial power for a number of African and Latin American countries. Nonetheless, the National Liberation Front of Algeria's motivations remain a point of contention. On one hand, its motivations are thought to stem from a need to control the distribution of world power, particularly in Africa, which at the time was thought to have been split between"moderate" and more "revolutionary" paths for independence. On the other hand, the motivations of the National Liberation Front of Algeria are thought to have been inspired by Gamal Abdel Nasser's pan-Arabist movement within the Arab World, encouraging its greater pan-African vision. However, Algeria's influence infiltrated not just the political, but ideological realm as well. Many Algerian elites of the FLN called for a shift from "economic and political exploitation," to "economic sufficiency and political dignity" in all of Africa.
Africa–North Korea relations refers to the diplomatic relations between the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the continent of Africa. Many African nations maintain a close relationship with North Korea, despite United Nations sanctions on North Korea.
The League of Mozambican Women, also known by its acronym LIFEMO, was an organization associated with FRELIMO, founded in 1962. Its aim was to support the families of combatants during the war of independence and to spread the principles of the Front. Selina Simango held the presidency and Priscila Gumane the vice-presidency. In addition to participating in the Pan-African Women's Congress, these leaders travelled frequently, establishing a network of support with countries or organizations that collaborated with the struggles for independence in Africa.
References
Footnotes
- ↑ Luque, Alba Martín (2017). "International Shaping of a Nationalist Imagery? Robert van Lierop, Eduardo Mondlane and A luta continua" (PDF). Afriche e Orienti (3): 115–138.
- ↑ Parrott, Joseph (April 2019). "How to film a revolution". Africa is a Country.
- ↑ Parrott, R. Joseph (July 2015). "A Luta Continua : radical filmmaking, Pan-African liberation and communal empowerment". Race & Class. 57 (1): 20–38. doi:10.1177/0306396815581781. ISSN 0306-3968. S2CID 146908564.
- ↑ Gray, Rose (2020). Cinemas of the Mozambican revolution : anti-colonialism, independence and internationalism in filmmaking, 1968-1991. Woodbridge, Suffolk: James Currey. ISBN 978-1-78744-658-8. OCLC 1137593926.