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East Pakistan was the eastern polity of The Islamic Republic of Pakistan, established in 1955 under the One Unit Policy, renaming and restructuring the province as such from East Bengal, which, in modern times, is split between India and Bangladesh. Its land borders were with India and Burma, with a coastline on the Bay of Bengal. East Pakistanis were popularly known as "Pakistani Bengalis"; to distinguish this region from India's state West Bengal, East Pakistan was known as "Pakistani Bengal". In 1971, East Pakistan became the newly independent state Bangladesh, which means "country of Bengal" or "country of Bengalis" in Bengali language.
The Bengal Presidency, officially the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal and later Bengal Province, was a province of British India and the largest of all the three Presidencies. At the height of its territorial jurisdiction, it covered large parts of what is now South Asia and Southeast Asia. Bengal proper covered the ethno-linguistic region of Bengal. Calcutta, the city which grew around Fort William, was the capital of the Bengal Presidency. For many years, the Governor of Bengal was concurrently the Governor-General of India and Calcutta was the capital of India until 1911.
The jute trade is centered mainly around India's West Bengal and Assam, and Bangladesh. The major producing country of jute is India and biggest exporter is Bangladesh, due to their natural fertile soil. Production of jute by India and Bangladesh are respectively 1.968 million ton and 1.349 million metric ton. Bengal jute was exported to South East Asia from the 17th century by the Dutch, French and later by other Europeans.
The Partition of Bengal in 1947, part of the Partition of India, divided the British Indian Bengal Province along the Radcliffe Line between the Dominion of India and the Dominion of Pakistan. The Bengali Hindu-majority West Bengal became a state of India, and the Bengali Muslim-majority East Bengal became a province of Pakistan.
A jute mill is a factory for processing jute. There is evidence of jute fibre extraction dating back to the Han Dynasty, with a fragment of jute paper being discovered in Dunhuang, in the Gansu Province. The first known mechanical jute mills are believed to have been converted Flax mills, the oldest possibly being establish in Dundee, after a contract was agreed with the East India Company, for the supply of jute as a substitute for then scarce flax, in 1820. By the mid 1800s jute mills were being established in British India, George Acland's Mill of 1855, at Rishra, being the oldest. The world's largest jute mill was the Adamjee Jute Mills at Narayanganj in Bangladesh, which closed all operations in 2002.
East Bengal was a non-contiguous province of the Dominion of Pakistan. Geographically part of the Bengal region, East Bengal existed from 1947 until 1955, when it was renamed East Pakistan. Today, the area is an independent country, Bangladesh. With its coastline on the Bay of Bengal, it bordered India and Burma. It was located close to, but did not share a border with, Nepal, Tibet, the Kingdom of Bhutan and the Kingdom of Sikkim. Its capital was Dacca, now known as Dhaka.
Adamjee Jute Mill was a jute mill in Bangladesh. It was established in Narayanganj in 1950 by the Adamjee Group. It was the second jute mill in East Pakistan after Bawa Jute Mill which was first Jute Mill in East Pakistan. Gradually, the mill became the largest jute mill in the world, exceeding the jute mills of Calcutta, India, and Dundee, Scotland. The mills were nationalised after the independence of Bangladesh in 1972. It was operated by the Bangladesh Jute Mills Corporation before being closed down in 2002.
Mirza Ahmad Ispahani (1898–1986) was a Perso-Bengali businessman based in Chittagong and the patriarch of the Ispahani family. He was the founder of Orient Airways and the first chairman of Pakistan International Airlines (PIA). He was the chairman of Ispahani Group.
The Ispahani family, also known as the House of Ispahani, are a Perso-Bengali business family. In Bangladesh, they own and manage M. M. Ispahani Limited, one of the country's leading conglomerates. Originally hailing from Isfahan, Iran, the family have been settled in the Indian subcontinent for more than two centuries.
Adamjee Group of Companies is a conglomerate company based primarily in Karachi, Pakistan. The group was headed by Sir Adamjee Haji Dawood.
Sir Adamjee Haji Dawood Bawany was a Pakistani businessman and philanthropist who founded Adamjee Group. He was also an activist in the Pakistan Movement.
The 1964 East Pakistan riots refer to the massacre and ethnic cleansing of Bengali Hindus from East Pakistan in the wake of an alleged theft of what was believed to be the Prophet's hair from the Hazratbal shrine in Jammu and Kashmir in India. The salient feature of the pogroms was its urban nature and selective targeting of Bengali Hindu owned industries and merchant establishments in the capital city of Dhaka. This resulted in unending waves of Bengali Hindu refugees in neighbouring West Bengal. The refugee rehabilitation became a national problem in India, and hundreds of refugees were resettled in Dandakaranya region of Odisha & Madhya Pradesh.
Bangladesh is an important tea-producing country. It is the 12th largest tea producer in the world. Its tea industry dates back to British rule, when the East India Company initiated the tea trade in the hills of the Sylhet region. In addition to that, tea cultivation was introduced to Greater Chittagong in 1840. Today, the country has 166 commercial tea estates, including many of the world's largest working plantations. The industry accounts for 3% of global tea production, and employs more than 4 million people.
Abdulhusein Meheraly Thariani was a member of the first generation of formally trained architects in Pakistan. Amongst his most prominent works is the Baitul Mukarram in Dhaka, Bangladesh. His works can be seen in three cities in three countries: Mumbai, India; Karachi, Pakistan; and Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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The Port of Narayanganj is a river port in Narayanganj, Bangladesh. It is one of the oldest and busiest river ports in Bangladesh; and one of the major ports of the Bengal delta. The port is located on the Shitalakshya River. The port area is home to numerous industries.
The Acland Mill was the first jute mill established in India. The mill was established in 1855 by British entrepreneur George Acland and Bengali financier Babu Bysumber Sen in Rishra, Bengal Presidency, British India.
The jute industry is a historically and culturally important industry in Bangladesh dating back to during the growth of the East India Company in the Indian subcontinent. Despite once being one of the country's biggest industries and major export items, the jute industry has declined since the 1970s. Exports have fallen as other countries grow jute independently, decreasing the demand for jute to be exported, and other products like plastics and hemp find more widespread use. As of 2018, Bangladesh produces 33 percent of the total worldwide production of jute.
Mohammad Abdus Sattar, known as M. A. Sattar, was a prominent Bangladeshi business magnate and politician. He was the founding chairman and managing director of Sattar & Company Ltd., Sattar Jute Mills Ltd., Hasna Shipbuilding & Navigation Ltd., and Rangpur Industries Ltd. In the 1980s, Sattar held several cabinet ministry positions, elected as a Member of Parliament twice, and was Chief Whip in President Ershad's Government from 1988 to 1990.
Mohammad Keramat Ali was a Pakistani Bengali entrepreneur, philanthropist and politician. He was a member of the 4th National Assembly of Pakistan as a representative of East Pakistan.
References
- 1 2 3 4 "Abdul W. Adamjee, Pakistani Magnate, Millionaire, Is Dead". The New York Times. 5 July 1972. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
- 1 2 "The Adamjee Legacy". pmp.com.pk. Archived from the original on 27 February 2017. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
- ↑ Khan, Abdul Jamil (14 August 2013). "The forgotten leader". dawn.com. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
- ↑ Roy, Tirthankar (2017). The Economy of South Asia: From 1950 to the Present. Springer. p. 272. ISBN 9783319547206.