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Zaydism is one of the three main branches of Shia Islam that emerged in the eighth century following Zayd ibn Ali‘s unsuccessful rebellion against the Umayyad Caliphate. Zaydism is typically considered to be a branch of Shia Islam that comes closest to the Sunni, although the "classical" form of Zaydism over the centuries had changed its posture with regard to Sunni and Shia traditions multiple times, to the point where interpretation of Zaydi as Shia is often based on just their acceptance of Ali as a rightful successor to Muhammad. Zaydis regard the rationalism as more important than Quranic literalism and in the past were quite tolerant towards Sunni Shafiism, a religion of about half of the Yemenis.
The Imams of Yemen, later also titled the Kings of Yemen, were religiously consecrated leaders belonging to the Zaidiyyah branch of Shia Islam. They established a blend of religious and temporal-political rule in parts of Yemen from 897. Their imamate endured under varying circumstances until the end of the North Yemen Civil War in 1970, following the republican revolution in 1962. Zaidiyyah theology differs from Isma'ilism and Twelver Shi’ism by stressing the presence of an active and visible imam as leader. The imam was expected to be knowledgeable in religious scholarship, and to prove himself a worthy headman of the community, even in battle if this was necessary. A claimant of the imamate would proclaim a "call" (dawah), and there were not infrequently more than one claimant.
Al-Mahdi Ali bin Mohammed was an imam of the Zaidi state in Yemen who ruled in 1349–1372.
Al-Mansur al-Qasim al-Iyyani was an imam of the Zaidi state in Yemen who briefly reestablished a comprehensive Zaidi realm in the years 999–1002.
Al-Mansur Ali bin Salah ad-Din was an imam of the Zaidi state in Yemen who ruled in 2 November 1391 – 14 February 1436, partly in rivalry with other claimants to the imamate.
Ad-Da'i Yusuf was an imam of the Zaidi state in Yemen who ruled for two highly turbulent terms.
al-Mahdi al-Husayn was an imam of the Zaidi state in Yemen who ruled in the years 1003–1013, in rivalry with another imam.
Imam Al-Mutawakkil Ali al-Mutahhar was a ruler of Yemen from Sana’a who reigned from 1436 to 1474. He belonged to the Qasimid family who were descendants Muhammad, He ruled by the Quran and the Sunnah and he left a number of writings on Hadith including poetry praising Mohammad.
Al-Mansur Muhammad was an imam of the Zaidi state in Yemen who ruled in 1475–1504, in rivalry with other claimants for the imamate.
Al-Hadi Izz ad-Din was an imam of the Zaidi state in Yemen, who held the imamate in 1474–1495 in rivalry with other claimants.
An-Nasir al-Hasan was an imam of the Zaidi state in Yemen, who exerted a limited authority in the northern Yemeni highland in 1495–1523.
Abu Hashim al-Hasan was an imam of the Zaidi state in Yemen who ruled part of the Yemeni highlands between 1031 and 1040.
Al-Muhtasib al-Mujahid Hamzah was an imam of the Zaidi state in Yemen who ruled from 1060 to 1067.
Yahya bin Muhammad as-Siraji was an imam of the Zaidi state in Yemen who held the imamate in 1261–1262.
Al-Mu'ayyad Yahya was an imam of the Zaidi state in Yemen whose tenure of the imamate lasted from 1328 to 1346.
Al-Mansur Abdallah, was an imam of the Zaidi state in Yemen who held the imamate from 1187 to 1217.
Al-Hadi Yahya was an imam of part of the Zaidi state in Yemen. He ruled from 1217 to 1239, partly in rivalry with a contender.
An-Nasir Muhammad bin Yusuf was a contender for the Zaidi state in Yemen, whose term as imam is counted from 1474 to 1488.
Al-Mahdi Salah ad-Din was a claimant for the Zaidi state in Yemen, whose tenure as imam is counted from 1436 to 1445.
Ad-Da'i Ahmad bin Ali al-Fathi was a claimant to the Zaidi state in Yemen, who posed as imam in 1329–1349, in rivalry with other figures.
References
- ↑ The filiation is: Zaid - al-Hasan - Ali - Abdallah - Ahmad - Abdallah - Muhammad - Isa - Muhammad - al-Husayn - Abu'l-Fath an-Nasir ad-Dailami.
- ↑ Cesare Ansaldi, Il Yemen nella storia e nella leggenda. Roma 1933, p. 135.
- ↑ Encyclopaedia Iranica, http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/deylami-abul-fath-naser ; H.C. Kay, Yaman; Its Early Medieval History. London 1892, p. 230.