Abū ʿAbdallāh ʿUmar II ibn Shuʿayb al-Balluti, also Babdel (Greek : Βαβδέλ) in the Byzantine sources, was the third Emir of Crete, ruling c. 880–895.
The surviving records on the internal history and rulers of the Emirate of Crete are very fragmentary. Following the studies of George C. Miles with the aid of numismatic evidence, he is tentatively identified as a son of the second emir, Shu'ayb, and the grandson of the conqueror of Crete and founder of the Emirate of Crete, Abu Hafs Umar. His reign is placed from c. 880 to c. 895. [1] [2] [3] According to the Byzantine chronicler Genesios, sometime in the reign of the Byzantine emperor Leo VI the Wise (r. 886–912) he suffered a shipwreck off the coast of the Peloponnese, and was taken captive by the local governor, Constantine Tessarakontapechys. [3]
He was apparently succeeded by his brother Muhammad ibn Shu'ayb al-Zarkun, but two of his sons, Yusuf and Ahmad, are held to have reigned later, in c. 910–915 and c. 925–940 respectively. [1] [4] According to a letter sent by the Patriarch of Constantinople, Nicholas I Mystikos, to Umar's son Yusuf, Umar had maintained a friendly correspondence with the Patriarch Photios. [3]
The Hamdanid dynasty was a Shia Muslim Arab dynasty of Northern Mesopotamia and Syria (890–1004). They descended from the ancient Banu Taghlib tribe of Mesopotamia and Arabia.
Umar ibn Hafs ibn Shuayb ibn Isa al-Balluti was the leader of a group of Andalusi refugees who seized control of Alexandria and, after being expelled from the city by the Abbasids, conquered the Byzantine island of Crete, becoming the first Emir of Crete.
The Emirate of Crete was an Islamic state that existed on the Mediterranean island of Crete from the late 820s to the reconquest of the island by the Byzantine Empire in 961. Although the emirate recognized the suzerainty of the Abbasid Caliphate and maintained close ties with Tulunid Egypt, it was de facto independent.
ʿUmar ibn ʿAbdallāh ibn Marwān or ʿAmr ibn ʿUbaydallāh ibn Marwān, surnamed al-Aqtaʾ, and found as Amer or Ambros in Byzantine sources, was the semi-independent Arab emir of Malatya (Melitene) from the 830s until his death in the Battle of Lalakaon on 3 September 863. During this time, he was one of the greatest threats to the Byzantine Empire on its eastern frontier, and became a prominent figure in later Arabic and Turkish epic literature.
Abdallah al-Battal was a Muslim Arab commander in the Arab–Byzantine Wars of the early 8th century, participating in several of the campaigns launched by the Umayyad Caliphate against the Byzantine Empire. Historical facts about his life are sparse, but in Anatolia, a legendary tradition grew around him after his death, and he became a famous figure in Turkish epic literature as Battal Gazi.
Abū Ḥafṣ ibn ʿAmr was the last Arab emir of Malatya (Melitene) before its reconquest by the Byzantine Empire in 934.
Constantine Tessarakontapechys was a Byzantine military governor (strategos) of the theme of the Peloponnese. He is recorded in the history of Genesios as being in office when, sometime in the early reign of Emperor Leo VI the Wise, the Emir of Crete, Abu Abdallah Umar ibn Shu'ayb, suffered a shipwreck off the coast of the Peloponnese and was taken prisoner when he reached the shore.
The Battle of Kardia was a naval battle fought in c. 872/3 between the fleets of the Byzantine Empire and the Cretan Saracens off Kardia, in the Gulf of Saros. The battle was a major Byzantine victory.
Photios was a Byzantine renegade and convert to Islam who served the Emirate of Crete as a naval commander in the 870s.
Abu ʿAmr Shuʿayb ibn ʿUmar ibn ʿIsā al-Balluti, also Saet or Saïpes (Σαΐπης) in the Byzantine sources, was the second Emir of Crete, ruling c. 855 – c. 880.
ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz ibn Shuʿayb ibn ʿUmar al-Qurṭubī al-Ballūṭī, known as Kouroupas in the Byzantine sources, was the tenth and last emir of Crete, ruling from 949 to the Byzantine reconquest of the island in 961.
Muhammad ibn Shu'ayb al-Zarkun al-Balluti, known as Zerkounes in the Byzantine sources, was the fourth Emir of Crete.
Yusuf ibn Umar ibn Shu'ayb was the fifth Emir of Crete, reigning from c. 910–915.
Ali ibn Yusuf ibn Umar was the sixth emir of Crete, reigning from c. 915–925.
Ahmad ibn Umar ibn Shu'ayb was the seventh emir of Crete, reigning from c. 925–940.
Shu'ayb ibn Ahmad was the eighth Emir of Crete, reigning from c. 940–943.
Ali ibn Ahmad was the ninth Emir of Crete, reigning from c. 943–949.
Abu Abdallah al-Husayn ibn Nasir al-Dawla was a Hamdanid prince, who along with his brother Ibrahim was the last Hamdanid ruler of Mosul in 989–990. After his defeat at the hand of the Marwanid Kurds and the takeover of Mosul by the Uqaylids, he entered the service of the Fatimid Caliphate.
Abu'l-Hayja Abdallah ibn Hamdan was an early member of the Hamdanid dynasty, who served the Abbasid Caliphate as a military commander and governor of Mosul. Esteemed for his qualities, he was involved in the court intrigues at Baghdad, and played a leading role in the brief usurpation of al-Qahir in February 929, during which he was killed. His sons, Nasir al-Dawla and Sayf al-Dawla, went on to found the Hamdanid emirates of Mosul and Aleppo.