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In mathematics, a commutative ring is a ring in which the multiplication operation is commutative. The study of commutative rings is called commutative algebra. Complementarily, noncommutative algebra is the study of ring properties that are not specific to commutative rings. This distinction results from the high number of fundamental properties of commutative rings that do not extend to noncommutative rings.
Commutative algebra, first known as ideal theory, is the branch of algebra that studies commutative rings, their ideals, and modules over such rings. Both algebraic geometry and algebraic number theory build on commutative algebra. Prominent examples of commutative rings include polynomial rings; rings of algebraic integers, including the ordinary integers ; and p-adic integers.
In abstract algebra, a finite group is a group whose underlying set is finite. Finite groups often arise when considering symmetry of mathematical or physical objects, when those objects admit just a finite number of structure-preserving transformations. Important examples of finite groups include cyclic groups and permutation groups.
In mathematics, a finitely generated module is a module that has a finite generating set. A finitely generated module over a ring R may also be called a finite R-module, finite over R, or a module of finite type.
In mathematics, specifically abstract algebra, an Artinian ring is a ring that satisfies the descending chain condition on (one-sided) ideals; that is, there is no infinite descending sequence of ideals. Artinian rings are named after Emil Artin, who first discovered that the descending chain condition for ideals simultaneously generalizes finite rings and rings that are finite-dimensional vector spaces over fields. The definition of Artinian rings may be restated by interchanging the descending chain condition with an equivalent notion: the minimum condition.
In mathematics, a Cohen–Macaulay ring is a commutative ring with some of the algebro-geometric properties of a smooth variety, such as local equidimensionality. Under mild assumptions, a local ring is Cohen–Macaulay exactly when it is a finitely generated free module over a regular local subring. Cohen–Macaulay rings play a central role in commutative algebra: they form a very broad class, and yet they are well understood in many ways.
In commutative algebra, a Gorenstein local ring is a commutative Noetherian local ring R with finite injective dimension as an R-module. There are many equivalent conditions, some of them listed below, often saying that a Gorenstein ring is self-dual in some sense.
In commutative algebra, a quasi-excellent ring is a Noetherian commutative ring that behaves well with respect to the operation of completion, and is called an excellent ring if it is also universally catenary. Excellent rings are one answer to the problem of finding a natural class of "well-behaved" rings containing most of the rings that occur in number theory and algebraic geometry. At one time it seemed that the class of Noetherian rings might be an answer to this problem, but Masayoshi Nagata and others found several strange counterexamples showing that in general Noetherian rings need not be well-behaved: for example, a normal Noetherian local ring need not be analytically normal.
In mathematics, a commutative ring R is catenary if for any pair of prime ideals p, q, any two strictly increasing chains
In mathematics, a p-constrained group is a finite group resembling the centralizer of an element of prime order p in a group of Lie type over a finite field of characteristic p. They were introduced by Gorenstein and Walter (1964, p.169) in order to extend some of Thompson's results about odd groups to groups with dihedral Sylow 2-subgroups.
In abstract algebra, the focal subgroup theorem describes the fusion of elements in a Sylow subgroup of a finite group. The focal subgroup theorem was introduced in and is the "first major application of the transfer" according to. The focal subgroup theorem relates the ideas of transfer and fusion such as described in. Various applications of these ideas include local criteria for p-nilpotence and various non-simplicity criteria focussing on showing that a finite group has a normal subgroup of index p.
In mathematics, the Gorenstein–Walter theorem, proved by Gorenstein and Walter (1965a, 1965b, 1965c), states that if a finite group G has a dihedral Sylow 2-subgroup, and O(G) is the maximal normal subgroup of odd order, then G/O(G) is isomorphic to a 2-group, or the alternating group A7, or a subgroup of PΓL2(q) containing PSL2(q) for q an odd prime power. Note that A5 ≈ PSL2(4) ≈ PSL2(5) and A6 ≈ PSL2(9).
In mathematics, especially ring theory, the class of Frobenius rings and their generalizations are the extension of work done on Frobenius algebras. Perhaps the most important generalization is that of quasi-Frobenius rings, which are in turn generalized by right pseudo-Frobenius rings and right finitely pseudo-Frobenius rings. Other diverse generalizations of quasi-Frobenius rings include QF-1, QF-2 and QF-3 rings.
Koichiro Harada is a Japanese mathematician working on finite group theory.
This is a glossary of algebraic geometry.
In finite group theory, a p-stable group for an odd prime p is a finite group satisfying a technical condition introduced by Gorenstein and Walter in order to extend Thompson's uniqueness results in the odd order theorem to groups with dihedral Sylow 2-subgroups.
This is a glossary of commutative algebra.
In algebraic geometry, a Gorenstein scheme is a locally Noetherian scheme whose local rings are all Gorenstein. The canonical line bundle is defined for any Gorenstein scheme over a field, and its properties are much the same as in the special case of smooth schemes.
References
- Sharp, Rodney Y. (1977), "Acceptable rings and homomorphic images of Gorenstein rings", Journal of Algebra, 44: 246–261, doi: 10.1016/0021-8693(77)90180-6 , MR 0441957
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