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The politics of Ethiopia are the activities associated with the governance of Ethiopia. The government is structured as a federal parliamentary republic with both a President and Prime Minister. The legislature is multicameral,with a house of representatives and a council. The term politics of Ethiopia mainly relates to the political activities in Ethiopia after the late 20th century when democratization took place in the nation. The current political structure of Ethiopia was formed after the Tigrayan People's Liberation Front (TPLF) overthrew dictator President Mengistu Haile Mariam in 1991. A general election was held in June 1994 and Ethiopia has maintained a multiparty political environment until today.
Meles Zenawi Asres,born Legesse Zenawi Asres was an Ethiopian soldier and politician who served as president of Ethiopia from 1991 to 1995 and as prime minister from 1995 until his death in 2012.
The Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front was an ethnic federalist political coalition in Ethiopia that existed from 1988 to 2019. It consisted of four political parties:Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF),Amhara Democratic Party (ADP),Oromo Democratic Party (ODP) and Southern Ethiopian People's Democratic Movement (SEPDM). After leading the overthrow of the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia,it dominated Ethiopian politics from 1991 to 2019. In November 2019,the EPRDF was dissolved,and Prime Minister and EPDRF chairman Abiy Ahmed merged three of the constituent parties into his new Prosperity Party,which was officially founded on 1 December 2019.
Oromia is a regional state in Ethiopia and the homeland of the Oromo people. Under Article 49 of Ethiopian Constitution,the capital of Oromia is Addis Ababa,also called Finfinne. The provision of the article maintains special interest of Oromia by utilizing social services and natural resources of Addis Ababa.
Seyoum Mesfin Gebredingel was an Ethiopian politician and diplomat. He was Ethiopia's Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1991 to 2010 and served as Ethiopia's Ambassador to China from 2011 to 2017.
Tamrat Layne Admassu is an Ethiopian former politician and a converted born-again Christian. He had served as Prime Minister of Ethiopia during the Transitional Government of Ethiopia after the end of the Derg regime. Previously during the 1980s,he was a leader of the Ethiopian People's Democratic Movement,one of the groups that fought against Ethiopian dictator Mengistu Haile Mariam in the Ethiopian Civil War.
Under the current constitution,Ethiopia conducts local,regional,and federal elections. At the federal level,Ethiopia elects a legislature. The Federal Parliamentary Assembly has two chambers:the House of People's Representatives with not more than 550 members as per the constitution but actually nearly 547 members,elected for five-year terms in single-seat constituencies;and the Council of the Federation with 117 members,one each from the 22 minority nationalities,and one from each professional sector of its remaining nationalities,designated by the regional councils,which may elect them themselves or through popular elections.
General elections were held in Ethiopia on 15 May 2005,for seats in the House of Peoples' Representatives and four regional government councils. Under pressure from the international community,Prime Minister Meles Zenawi promised that this election would be proof that more democracy would come in this multi-ethnic nation;international elections observers from the European Union (EU) and the U.S.-based Carter Center were present to observe the results. This election succeeded in attracting about 90% of the registered voters to the polls. A government ban on protests was imposed throughout the election period.
The Oromo Democratic Party,formerly called the Oromo People's Democratic Organization,was a political party in Ethiopia,and part of the alliance with the Amhara National Democratic Movement,the South Ethiopian Peoples' Democratic Front and the Tigrayan Peoples' Liberation Front that formed the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF). In the August 2005 Regional assembly elections,the party won 387 out of 537 seats in the Oromia,and 14 out of 36 seats in the Harari Region.
The Amhara Democratic Party (ADP),originally known as Amhara National Democratic Movement (ANDM),was a political party in Ethiopia. The party was one of four members of the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) that ruled Ethiopia at the time. In 2012,the party chairman was Demeke Mekonnen,who replaced Addisu Legesse in 2010. In November 2019,prime minister Abiy Ahmed,holding the role of EPRDF chair,unified the constituent parties of the coalition into a new party called Prosperity Party.
Hailemariam Desalegn Boshe is an Ethiopian politician who served as prime minister of Ethiopia from 2012 to 2018. He also previously served as deputy prime minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs under Prime Minister Meles Zenawi from 2010 to 2012. After Meles' death in August 2012,Hailemariam succeeded him as prime minister,initially in an acting capacity. He was then elected as the chair of the EPRDF,the ruling party,on 15 September 2012. Hailemariam also served as the chairperson of the African Union from 2013 to 2014.
The Oromo Liberation Front is an Oromo nationalist political party formed in 1973 to promote self-determination for the Oromo people inhabiting today's Oromia Region and Oromia Zone in the Amhara Region of Ethiopia. The OLF has offices in Addis Ababa,Washington,D.C.,and Berlin,from which it operates radio stations that broadcast in Amharic and Oromo.
Belessa was one of the 105 woredas in the Amhara Region of Ethiopia. It was named after the former province Belessa,which lay in the same area. Part of the Semien Gondar Zone,Belessa was bordered on the south by the Debub Gondar Zone,on the west by Gondar Zuria,on the northwest by Wegera,on the northeast by Jan Amora,and on the east by the Wag Hemra Zone. Towns in Belessa included Arbaya and Hamusit. Belessa was separated for Mirab Belessa and Misraq Belessa woredas.
The Transitional Government of Ethiopia (TGE) was an era established immediately after the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) seized power from the Marxist-Leninist People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (PDRE) in 1991. During the transitional period,Meles Zenawi served as the president of the TGE while Tamrat Layne was prime minister. Among other major shifts in the country's political institutions,it was under the authority of the TGE that the realignment of provincial boundaries on the basis of ethnolinguistic identity occurred. The TGE was in power until 1995,when it transitioned into the reconstituted Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia that remains today.
Demeke Mekonnen Hassen is an Ethiopian politician,former deputy prime minister of Ethiopia,former Minister of Foreign Affairs,and former vice-president of the Prosperity Party. He previously served as chairman of the Amhara Democratic Party (ADP) and deputy chair of the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) until the dissolution of the two in December 2019.
The Oromo conflict is a protracted conflict between the Oromo Liberation Front (OLF) and the Ethiopian government. The Oromo Liberation Front formed to fight the Ethiopian Empire to liberate the Oromo people and establish an independent state of Oromia. The conflict began in 1973,when Oromo nationalists established the OLF and its armed wing,the Oromo Liberation Army (OLA). These groups formed in response to prejudice against the Oromo people during the Haile Selassie and Derg era,when their language was banned from public administration,courts,church and schools,and the stereotype of Oromo people as a hindrance to expanding Ethiopian national identity.
Abiy Ahmed Ali is an Ethiopian politician serving as the third Prime Minister of Ethiopia since 2018,and as the leader of the Prosperity Party since 2019. He was awarded the 2019 Nobel Peace Prize "for his efforts to achieve peace and international cooperation,and in particular for his decisive initiative to resolve the border conflict with neighbouring Eritrea". Abiy served as the third chairman of the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) that governed Ethiopia for 28 years and the first person of Oromo descent to hold that position. Abiy is a member of the Ethiopian parliament,and was a member of the Oromo Democratic Party (ODP),one of the then four coalition parties of the EPRDF,until its rule ceased in 2019 and he formed his own party,the Prosperity Party.
Following the 2018 dissolution of the ethnic federalist,dominant party political coalition,the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front,there was an increase in tensions within the country,with newly resurgent regional and ethnically based factions carrying out armed attacks on military and civilians in multiple conflicts throughout Ethiopia.
The 1995 Ethiopian Federal Constitution formalizes an ethnic federalism law aimed at undermining long-standing ethnic imperial rule,reducing ethnic tensions,promoting regional autonomy,and upholding unqualified rights to self-determination and secession in a state with more than 80 different ethnic groups. But the constitution is divisive,both among Ethiopian nationalists who believe it undermines centralized authority and fuels interethnic conflict,and among ethnic federalists who fear that the development of its vague components could lead to authoritarian centralization or even the maintenance of minority ethnic hegemony. Parliamentary elections since 1995 have taken place every five years since enactment. All but one of these have resulted in government by members of the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) political coalition,under three prime ministers. The EPRDF was under the effective control of the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF),which represents a small ethnic minority. In 2019 the EPRDF,under Abiy,was dissolved and he inaugurated the pan-ethnic Prosperity Party which won the 2021 Ethiopian Election,returning him as prime minister. But both political entities were different kinds of responses to the ongoing tension between constitutional ethnic federalism and the Ethiopian state's authority. Over the same period,and all administrations,a range of major conflicts with ethnic roots have occurred or continued,and the press and availability of information have been controlled. There has also been dramatic economic growth and liberalization,which has itself been attributed to,and used to justify,authoritarian state policy.
In the face of widespread protests against the government,Ethiopian Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn resigned from office on 15 February 2018,becoming the first politician to resign from office in modern Ethiopian history. The day prior,he announced on state television that his resignation is "vital in the bid to carry out reforms that would lead to sustainable peace and democracy," linked to the 2014–2016 unrest in Oromia Region,in which hundreds were killed by government crackdown in Oromia and Amhara Region between 2015 and 2016.
References
- ↑ "Ethiopia". WorldStatesmen. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
- ↑ "Addisu Legesse replaces Seyoum Mesfin as Ethiopian board chairman". Nazret.com. Archived from the original on 10 August 2016. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
- ↑ "Ethiopia - the Maoist hallmarks of Melesism". Archived from the original on 2016-08-10. Retrieved 2016-06-21.
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