Related Research Articles
Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg was a German inventor and craftsman who introduced letterpress printing to Europe with his movable-type printing press. Though movable type was already in use in East Asia, Gutenberg invented the printing press, which later spread across the world. His work led to an information revolution and the unprecedented mass-spread of literature throughout Europe. It had a profound impact on the development of the Renaissance, Reformation, and humanist movements.
In publishing, printers are both companies providing printing services and individuals who directly operate printing presses.
A printing press is a mechanical device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a print medium, thereby transferring the ink. It marked a dramatic improvement on earlier printing methods in which the cloth, paper, or other medium was brushed or rubbed repeatedly to achieve the transfer of ink and accelerated the process. Typically used for texts, the invention and global spread of the printing press was one of the most influential events in the second millennium.
A scientist is a person who researches to advance knowledge in an area of the natural sciences.
Printing is a process for mass reproducing text and images using a master form or template. The earliest non-paper products involving printing include cylinder seals and objects such as the Cyrus Cylinder and the Cylinders of Nabonidus. The earliest known form of printing evolved from ink rubbings made on paper or cloth from texts on stone tablets, used during the sixth century. Printing by pressing an inked image onto paper appeared later that century. Later developments in printing technology include the movable type invented by Bi Sheng around 1040 AD and the printing press invented by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century. The technology of printing played a key role in the development of the Renaissance and the Scientific Revolution and laid the material basis for the modern knowledge-based economy and the spread of learning to the masses.
The history of copyright starts with early privileges and monopolies granted to printers of books. The British Statute of Anne 1710, full title "An Act for the Encouragement of Learning, by vesting the Copies of Printed Books in the Authors or purchasers of such Copies, during the Times therein mentioned", was the first copyright statute. Initially copyright law only applied to the copying of books. Over time other uses such as translations and derivative works were made subject to copyright and copyright now covers a wide range of works, including maps, performances, paintings, photographs, sound recordings, motion pictures and computer programs.
Thomas Power O'Connor, PC, known as T. P. O'Connor and occasionally as Tay Pay, was an Irish nationalist politician and journalist who served as a Member of Parliament (MP) in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland for nearly fifty years.
The history of patents and patent law is generally considered to have started with the Venetian Statute of 1474.
"Information wants to be free" is an expression that means either that all people should be able to access information freely, or that information naturally strives to become as freely available among people as possible. It is often used by technology activists to criticize laws that limit transparency and general access to information. People who criticize intellectual property law say the system of such government-granted monopolies conflicts with the development of a public domain of information. The expression is often credited to Stewart Brand, who was recorded saying it at a Hackers Conference in 1984.
Perry Gilbert Eddy Miller was an American intellectual historian and a co-founder of the field of American Studies. Miller specialized in the history of early America, and took an active role in a revisionist view of the colonial Puritan theocracy that was cultivated at Harvard University beginning in the 1920s. Heavy drinking led to his premature death at the age of 58.
Print culture embodies all forms of printed text and other printed forms of visual communication. One prominent scholar of print culture in Europe is Elizabeth Eisenstein, who contrasted the print culture of Europe in the centuries after the advent of the Western printing-press to European scribal culture. The invention of woodblock printing in China almost a thousand years prior and then the consequent Chinese invention of moveable type in 1040 had very different consequences for the formation of print culture in Asia. The development of printing, like the development of writing itself, had profound effects on human societies and knowledge. "Print culture" refers to the cultural products of the printing transformation.
Elizabeth Lewisohn Eisenstein was an American historian of the French Revolution and early 19th-century France. She is well known for her work on the history of early printing, writing on the transition in media between the era of 'manuscript culture' and that of 'print culture', as well as the role of the printing press in effecting broad cultural change in Western civilization.
Jan Ellen Goldstein is an American intellectual historian of Modern Europe. She is the Norman and Edna Freehling Professor of History at the University of Chicago, and co-editor of the Journal of Modern History.
Copyright infringement is the use of works protected by copyright without permission for a usage where such permission is required, thereby infringing certain exclusive rights granted to the copyright holder, such as the right to reproduce, distribute, display or perform the protected work, or to make derivative works. The copyright holder is typically the work's creator, or a publisher or other business to whom copyright has been assigned. Copyright holders routinely invoke legal and technological measures to prevent and penalize copyright infringement.
The Holy City is a religious Victorian ballad dating from 1892, with music by Michael Maybrick writing under the alias Stephen Adams, with lyrics by Frederic Weatherly. Its sheet music sales made it one of the most commercially successful songs in the UK and United States around the beginning of the 20th century, and also "perhaps the most pirated musical piece prior to the Internet", according to copyright scholar Adrian Johns. The three verses of the song describe in turn, a crowd cheering Jesus Christ's triumphal entry into Jerusalem on Palm Sunday, Jesus's crucifixion on Good Friday, and the eventual "New Jerusalem" (Zion) of universal peace and brotherhood, which is foretold in Isaiah 2:4 and Isaiah 11:6-9.
Music piracy is the copying and distributing of recordings of a piece of music for which the rights owners did not give consent. In the contemporary legal environment, it is a form of copyright infringement, which may be either a civil wrong or a crime depending on jurisdiction. The late 20th and early 21st centuries saw much controversy over the ethics of redistributing media content, how much production and distribution companies in the media were losing, and the very scope of what ought to be considered piracy – and cases involving the piracy of music were among the most frequently discussed in the debate.
The Gordon J. Laing Award is conferred annually, by the University of Chicago's Board of University Publications, on the faculty author, editor, or translator whose book has brought the greatest distinction to the list of the University of Chicago Press. The first award was given in 1963 and the most recent award was given on May 8, 2023, to Elisabeth S. Clemens, the William Rainey Harper Distinguished Service Professor of Sociology and the College at the University of Chicago.
Jolly Roger Records was a New York City-based bootleg record label active briefly in the early 1950s. It was founded by an enthusiast of early blues and jazz music named Dante Bollettino.
Alison Winter was an American academic.
Robert Morrison is a historian of science and American scholar of Islam. He is the George Lincoln Skolfield, Jr. Professor of Religion and Middle Eastern and North Studies, Chair of the Religion Department, Director of the Middle Eastern and North African Studies Program at Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine, U.S. where he has been since 2008. Morrison is the current president of The Commission on History of Science and Technology in Islamic Societies.
References
- ↑ "Adrian Johns Curriculum Vitae". University of Chicago. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ↑ "Adrian Johns". University of Chicago. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ↑ "In Memoriam: Alison Winter". History of Science Society. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ↑ "Adrian Johns". Committee on Conceptual and Historical Studies of Science, University of Chicago. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ↑ "Adrian Johns". John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ↑ Johns, Adrian (1998). The Nature of the Book: Print and Knowledge in the Making. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226401218.
- ↑ Johns, Adrian (2010). Piracy: The Intellectual Property Wars from Gutenberg to Gates. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226401188.
- ↑ "Remembering Alison Winter". University of Chicago. 16 November 2016. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ↑ "Alison Winter, AB'87, historian of the mind, 1965–2016". 23 June 2016. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ↑ Eisenstein, Elizabeth (2002). "An Unacknowledged Revolution Revisited". American Historical Review. 107 (1): 87–105.
- ↑ Johns, Adrian (2002). "How to Acknowledge a Revolution". American Historical Review. 107 (1): 106–125.
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Other | |
