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Esperanto is the world's most widely spoken constructed international auxiliary language. Created by L. L. Zamenhof in 1887, it is intended to be a universal second language for international communication, or "the international language". Zamenhof first described the language in Dr. Esperanto's International Language, which he published under the pseudonym Doktoro Esperanto. Early adopters of the language liked the name Esperanto and soon used it to describe his language. The word esperanto translates into English as "one who hopes".
Ido is a constructed language derived from a reformed version of Esperanto, and similarly designed with the goal of being a universal second language for people of diverse backgrounds. To function as an effective international auxiliary language, Ido was specifically designed to be grammatically, orthographically, and lexicographically regular. It is the most successful of the many Esperanto derivatives, called Esperantidoj.
Dr. Esperanto's International Language, commonly referred to as Unua Libro, is an 1887 book by Polish ophthalmologist L. L. Zamenhof, in which he first introduced and described the constructed language Esperanto. First published in Russian on July 26 [O.S. July 14] 1887, the publication of Unua Libro marks the formal beginning of the Esperanto movement.
Marjorie Boulton was a British author and poet writing in both English and Esperanto.
The Akademio de Esperanto is an independent body of Esperanto speakers who steward the evolution of said language by keeping it consistent with the Fundamento de Esperanto in accordance with the Declaration of Boulogne. Modeled somewhat after the Académie française and the Real Academia Española, the Akademio was proposed by L. L. Zamenhof, the creator of Esperanto, at the first World Esperanto Congress, and was founded soon thereafter under the name Lingva Komitato. This Committee had a "superior commission" called the Akademio. In 1948, within the framework of a general reorganization, the Language Committee and the Academy combined to form the Akademio de Esperanto.
Humphrey R. Tonkin is professor of English, and served as the 4th president of the University of Hartford. He is also a dedicated Esperantist.
The International Academy of Sciences San Marino was a scientific association. It was established in 1983 and had its first convention, SUS 1, around New Year 1984 in the City of San Marino. After the Sammarinese skeleton law on higher education had been passed the academy was officially founded on 13 September 1985, in the presence of the Captains-Regent. Its name uses the constructed international auxiliary language Esperanto.
Boris Grigorevich Kolker is a language teacher, translator and advocate of the international language Esperanto. He was until 1993 a Soviet and Russian citizen and since then has been a resident and citizen of the United States residing in Cleveland, Ohio. In 1985 he was awarded a Ph.D. in linguistics from the Institute of Linguistics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in Moscow.
Like natural languages, the constructed language Esperanto contains profane words and indecent vocabulary. Some of this was formulated out of the established core vocabulary, or by giving specific profane or indecent senses to regularly formed Esperanto words. Other instances represent informal neologisms that remain technically outside the defined vocabulary of the language, but have become established by usage.
Carlo Minnaja is a retired professor of Mathematics, a native Esperanto speaker, and Esperanto translator, author and researcher. He authored many books about Esperanto, in Esperanto and Italian, including a vocabulary of Esperanto, and is a member of the Akademio de Esperanto.
Gaku Konishi was a Japanese physics professor at Kwansei Gakuin University and an Esperantist.
Wim De Smet was a Flemish zoologist, specialized in marine mammals, and an esperantist. He published a lot of scientific and popularizing articles in Dutch, English, French and Esperanto. He projected an entirely new system for the naming and classification of animals and plants.
Trevor Steele is an Australian Esperantist who has written numerous short stories and novels in Esperanto. Steele's work is strongly influenced by his travel experiences in Germany, Western Europe and elsewhere, and is further enriched by experiences in Asia and Australia, mainly concerning indigenous people's problems, which were his concern during his year and a half of working at the Australian education department. He wrote two important books about relationships between the indigenous and non-indigenous populations, Flugi kun kakatuoj (2010)—published in English as Soaring with cockatoos (2012) and in French as Comme un vol d'oiseaux sacrés (2013)—and Paradizo ŝtelita. His autobiography, Konvinka kamuflaĵo, was published in 2014.
Literatura Foiro is a bi-monthly periodical of Esperanto culture in the Esperanto language.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Esperanto:
Ri is a singular third-person gender-neutral pronoun in Esperanto intended as an alternative to the gender-specific li ("he") and ŝi ("she"). It is used by some speakers when the gender of a person is not known or when it is not desirable to specify them as either a "he" or "she", similar to how singular they is used in English. In Esperanto, the usage of this pronoun is called riismo ; it is one of several proposals for gender-neutral pronouns in Esperanto.
There are two conventional sets ASCII substitutions for the letters in the Esperanto alphabet that have diacritics, as well as a number of graphic work-arounds.
Lena Karpunina was an Esperanto-language writer in Tajikistan. Born in what is now Russia, she grew up in the Tajik capital of Dushanbe, then was forced to leave for Germany due to the Tajikistani Civil War. From 2010 until her death, she was a member of the Akademio de Esperanto, chosen primarily in recognition of her work in the field of literature.
References
- ↑ "Die Bayerische Staatsbibliothek: Virtuelle Ausstellung: Konstruierte Sprachen (14)". Bsb-muenchen.de. Archived from the original on 2014-05-13. Retrieved 2014-06-23.
- ↑ "Esperanta Civito | HeKo 365 4-B, 11 aug 08: Nun ekzistas du akademioj de esperanto". Esperantio.net. Retrieved 2014-06-23.
- ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-05-13. Retrieved 2014-05-12.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ↑ "Akademio Literatura de Esperanto La Musique et la littérature - L'Espéranto en Midi-Pyrénées". Esperanto-midipyrenees.org. 2012-07-21. Archived from the original on 2014-05-13. Retrieved 2014-06-23.
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