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Esperanto is the world's most widely spoken constructed international auxiliary language. Created by Polish ophthalmologist L. L. Zamenhof in 1887, it was intended to be a universal second language for international communication, or "the international language". Zamenhof first described the language in Dr. Esperanto's International Language, which he published under the pseudonym Doktoro Esperanto. Early adopters of the language liked the name Esperanto and soon used it to describe his language. The word esperanto translates into English as "one who hopes".
L. L. Zamenhof was an ophthalmologist who lived for most of his life in Warsaw. He is best known as the creator of Esperanto, the most widely used constructed international auxiliary language.
Dr. Esperanto's International Language, commonly referred to as Unua Libro, is an 1887 book by Polish ophthalmologist L. L. Zamenhof, in which he first introduced and described the constructed language Esperanto. First published in Russian on July 26 [O.S. July 14] 1887, the publication of Unua Libro marks the formal beginning of the Esperanto movement.
The Akademio de Esperanto is an independent body of Esperanto speakers who steward the evolution of said language by keeping it consistent with the Fundamento de Esperanto in accordance with the Declaration of Boulogne. Modeled somewhat after the Académie française and the Real Academia Española, the Akademio was proposed by L. L. Zamenhof, the creator of Esperanto, at the first World Esperanto Congress, and was founded soon thereafter under the name Lingva Komitato. This Committee had a "superior commission" called the Akademio. In 1948, within the framework of a general reorganization, the Language Committee and the Academy combined to form the Akademio de Esperanto.
An Esperantido is a constructed language derived from Esperanto. Esperantido originally referred to the language which is now known as Ido. The word Esperantido contains the affix (-ido), which means a "child, young or offspring". Hence, Esperantido literally means an 'offspring or descendant of Esperanto'.
Anationalism is a term originating from the community of Esperanto speakers. It denotes a range of cosmopolitan political concepts that combine some or all of the following tendencies and ideas:
Fundamento de Esperanto is a 1905 book by L. L. Zamenhof, in which the author explains the basic grammar rules and vocabulary that constitute the basis of the constructed language Esperanto. On August 9, 1905, it was made the only obligatory authority over the language by the Declaration of Boulogne at the first World Esperanto Congress. Much of the content of the book is a reproduction of content from Zamenhof's earlier works, particularly Unua Libro.
Humphrey R. Tonkin is professor of English, and served as the 4th president of the University of Hartford. He is also a dedicated Esperantist.
The International Academy of Sciences San Marino was a scientific association. It was established in 1983 and had its first convention, SUS 1, around New Year 1984 in the City of San Marino. After the Sammarinese skeleton law on higher education had been passed the academy was officially founded on 13 September 1985, in the presence of the Captains-Regent. Its name uses the constructed international auxiliary language Esperanto.
Boris Grigorevich Kolker is a language teacher, translator and advocate of the international language Esperanto. He was until 1993 a Soviet and Russian citizen and since then has been a resident and citizen of the United States residing in Cleveland, Ohio. In 1985 he was awarded a Ph.D. in linguistics from the Institute of Linguistics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in Moscow.
Like natural languages, the constructed language Esperanto contains profane words and indecent vocabulary. Some of this was formulated out of the established core vocabulary, or by giving specific profane or indecent senses to regularly formed Esperanto words. Other instances represent informal neologisms that remain technically outside the defined vocabulary of the language, but have become established by usage.
Gaku Konishi was a Japanese physics professor at Kwansei Gakuin University and Esperantist.
Karel Píč was a leading Czech Esperantist, a member of the Academy of Esperanto, a poet and writer of short stories, essays, and novels in Esperanto.
Grégoire Maertens is a West-Flemish Esperantist who was a member of the Estraro for the UEA from 1977 until 1992. From 1980 until 1986 he was president of the UEA, and an honorary member from 1993 onwards.
Trevor Steele is an Australian Esperantist who has written numerous short stories and novels in Esperanto. Steele's work is strongly influenced by his travel experiences in Germany, Western Europe and elsewhere, and is further enriched by experiences in Asia and Australia, mainly concerning indigenous people's problems, which were his concern during his year and a half of working at the Australian education department. He wrote two important books about relationships between the indigenous and non-indigenous populations, Flugi kun kakatuoj (2010) — published in English as Soaring with cockatoos (2012) and in French as Comme un vol d'oiseaux sacrés (2013) — and Paradizo ŝtelita. His autobiography, Konvinka kamuflaĵo, was published in 2014.
Literatura Foiro is a bi-monthly periodical of Esperanto culture in the Esperanto language.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Esperanto:
Ri is a singular third-person gender-neutral pronoun in Esperanto intended as an alternative to the gender-specific li ("he") and ŝi ("she"). It is used by some speakers when the gender of a person is not known or when it is not desirable to specify them as either a "he" or "she", similar to how singular they is used in English. In Esperanto, the usage of this pronoun is called riismo ; it is one of several proposals for gender-neutral pronouns in Esperanto.
There are two conventional sets ASCII substitutions for the letters in the Esperanto alphabet that have diacritics, as well as a number of graphic work-arounds.
References
- ↑ "Esperanta Civito | HeKo 365 4-B, 11 aug 08: Nun ekzistas du akademioj de esperanto". Esperantio.net. Retrieved 2014-06-23.
- ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-05-13. Retrieved 2014-05-12.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ↑ "Akademio Literatura de Esperanto La Musique et la littérature - L'Espéranto en Midi-Pyrénées". Esperanto-midipyrenees.org. 2012-07-21. Archived from the original on 2014-05-13. Retrieved 2014-06-23.
- ↑ "Die Bayerische Staatsbibliothek: Virtuelle Ausstellung: Konstruierte Sprachen (14)". Bsb-muenchen.de. Archived from the original on 2014-05-13. Retrieved 2014-06-23.
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