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References
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- 1 2 Rogier Visser (2014). Identities in early Arabic journalism: The case of Louis Ṣābūnjī (PhD thesis). University of Amsterdam. p. 5. hdl:11245/1.406149. ISBN 9789491164200.
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- ↑ Doaa Adel Mahmoud Kandil (2016). "Abu Naddara: The Forerunner of Egyptian Satirical Press". Journal of Association of Arab Universities for Tourism and Hospitality. 13 (1): 24. doi: 10.21608/JAAUTH.2016.49733 .
- 1 2 Donald J. Cioeta (May 1979). "Ottoman Censorship in Lebanon and Syria, 1876-1908". International Journal of Middle East Studies . 10 (2): 170. doi:10.1017/S0020743800034759. S2CID 163019820.
- ↑ Albert Hourani (2013). Arabic Thought In The Liberal Age, 1798–1939 (22nd ed.). Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 269. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511801990. ISBN 978-0-521-27423-4.
- 1 2 Martin Kramer (2009). Arab awakening and Islamic revival: The politics of ideas in the Middle East (2nd ed.). New Brunswick, NJ; London: Transaction Publishers. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-4128-0767-8.
- ↑ Azmi Özcan (January 1993). "The Press and Anglo-Ottoman Relations, 1876-1909". Middle Eastern Studies. 29 (1): 116. JSTOR 4283543.