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Hawija is the central town of Al-Hawija District in the Kirkuk Province of Iraq, 45 km (28 mi) west of Kirkuk, and north of Baghdad. The town has a population of about 100,000 inhabitants.
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Hawija District is a district in Kirkuk Governorate, Iraq. Its administrative center is the city of Hawija.
The disputed territories of Northern Iraq are regions defined by article 140 of the Constitution of Iraq as being Arabised during Baath Party rule in Iraq. Most of these regions are inhabited by non-Arabs, including Kurds, Assyrians, Yazidis, Turkmens/Turkomans, and Shabaks.
The 2012–2013 Iraqi protests started on 21 December 2012 following a raid on the home of Sunni Finance Minister Rafi al-Issawi and the arrest of 10 of his bodyguards. Beginning in Fallujah, the protests afterwards spread throughout Sunni Arab parts of Iraq. The protests centered on the issue of the alleged sectarianism of Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki. Pro-Maliki protests also took place throughout central and southern Iraq, where there is a Shia Arab majority. In April 2013, sectarian violence escalated after the 2013 Hawija clashes. The protests continued throughout 2013, and in December Maliki used security forces to forcefully close down the main protest camp in Ramadi, killing hundreds of civilian protesters in the process. Sunni groups, such as the Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order, took up arms in response, and joined forces with the General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries (GMCIR), a militant group made up of former Ba'athists, to conduct a military campaign against the Iraqi government. The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) would later grow out of this civil conflict, escalating into a full-scale war.
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References
- 1 2 O'Leary, Brendan (2009), How to Get Out of Iraq with Integrity, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, p. 152 & 162, ISBN 978-0812206081 .
- 1 2 "Daesh Publishes 2 Photos of Its Zakat Activities in Al-Zab City in Hawija", Daesh Daily, 4 January 2017.
- 1 2 "11469: Resistance Bomb West of Kirkuk Leaves US Soldier Reported Dead", The Middle East: Abstracts and Index, Pt. 1, Northumberland Press, 2006, p. 134.
- ↑ Philip's (1994). Atlas of the World. Reed International. p. 89. ISBN 0-540-05831-9.
- ↑ "12183: US Soldier Reported Killed by Resistance Bomb Southwest of Kirkuk", The Middle East: Abstracts and Index, Pt. 1.
- 1 2 Balanian, Pierre (16 July 2016), "Islamic State Begins Deportation of Residents from Al-Zab", Asia News [ permanent dead link ].
- ↑ "Daesh Publishes Photos of Its PR Activities in Al-Zab City", Daesh Daily, 6 January 2017.
Coordinates: 35°16′00″N43°27′06″E / 35.266632°N 43.451740°E