Alex Zettl

Last updated
Alex Zettl
Zettl crop.jpg
Alma materB.A. University of California, Berkeley, Ph.D. University of California, Los Angeles
Known forNanoscale constructs
Scientific career
Institutions Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley

Alex K. Zettl (born Oct. 11, 1956) is an American experimental physicist, educator, and inventor.

Contents

He is a Professor of the Graduate School in Physics at the University of California, Berkeley, and a Senior Scientist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Zettl is a leading expert in the synthesis, characterization, and application of low dimensional materials. He has synthesized and studied new materials, notably those based on carbon, boron and nitrogen, and has made numerous inventions in the field of electronic materials and nano-electromechanical systems. Zettl and his research team were the first to synthesize boron nitride nanotubes, [1] [2] [ circular reference ] and created carbon nanotube chemical sensors. [3] He and his team built the world's smallest synthetic electrically-powered rotational nanomotor, [4] the smallest fully integrated FM radio receiver, [5] [6] a nanomechanical mass balance with single-atom sensitivity, [7] voltage-controllable nanoscale relaxation oscillators, [8] [9] and a nanoscale thermal rectifier [10] useful for phononic circuitry He and his team invented the nanomanipulator, [11] [12] suspended graphene grid, [13] [14] and the graphene liquid cell [15] and graphene flow cell, [16] all of which have greatly advanced transmission electron microscopy.

Early life and education

Zettl was born in San Francisco, California. He attended Sir Francis Drake High School (now Archie Williams High School), the University of California, Berkeley (A.B. 1978) and the University of California, Los Angeles (M.S. 1980, Ph.D. 1983). His doctoral field of study was experimental condensed matter physics. His Ph.D. advisor was Prof. George Grüner.

Career

As a graduate student, Zettl closely collaborated with two-time Physics Nobel Laureate John Bardeen. Bardeen had developed a new theory of macroscopic quantum tunneling of charge density waves, and Zettl performed experiments to test the theory. [17] [18] After completing his Ph.D., Zettl immediately assumed a faculty position in the Physics Department at the University of California, Berkeley, and has remained there throughout his academic career (Assistant Professor, 1983–86; Associate Professor, 1986-1988; Professor, 1988-2022; Professor of the Graduate School in Physics, 2022–present).

At the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Zettl led the superconductivity program from 1990 to 2002, and the sp2-bonded materials program from 1997 to 2022. From 2004 to 2014 he directed the National Science Foundation funded Center of Integrated Nanomechanical Systems. The Center brought together approximately 25 research teams from four institutions (UC Berkeley, Stanford University, California Institute of Technology, and UC Merced) and fostered highly interdisciplinary nanoelectromechanical research. The Center also developed numerous educational outreach programs. From 2013 to 2015 Zettl was co-Director (along with Carolyn Bertozzi), and from 2015 to 2022 Director, of the Berkeley Nanosciences and Nanoengineering Institute (BNNI), an umbrella organization for expanding and coordinating Berkeley research and educational activities in nanoscale science and engineering.

Zettl has advised approximately 50 graduate students (including those earning Ph.D. degrees in chemistry, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, and materials science), and approximately 40 postdoctoral researchers.

Selected research accomplishments

Access to Zettl's 600+ research publications, supplementary materials, and research highlights can be found at https://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~jode/index.html.

Charge density wave statics and nonlinear dynamics

Zettl discovered chaotic response [19] and period doubling routes to chaos [20] in dynamic charge density wave (CDW) systems driven by an rf field, and found that mode locking completely freezes out all internal fluctuations of the collective mode condensate. [21] [22] He identified phase slip centers as the origin of so-called switching in CDWs. [23] He discovered unusual electro-elastic coupling in CDW systems, and studied the evolution of the CDW order parameter as sample sizes approached the nm scale. [24] For the 2D static CDW system TaS2, Zettl used cryogenic STM measurements to fully characterize domain structure, [25] and to contrast bulk CDW parameters determined via x-ray scattering to surface CDW parameters established by STM. [26]

High temperature superconductors and fullerenes

Zettl performed seminal isotope effect measurements in high temperature superconductors, including substituting oxygen, [27] [28] barium, [29] and copper [29] isotopes in Y-Ba-Cu-O, substituting oxygen isotopes in La-Sr-Cu-O, [30] and substituting carbon and alkali isotopes [31] [32] in A3C60. These measurements placed severe constraints on the superconductivity mechanism, and revealed that superconductivity in the copper oxides was likely not phonon-mediated, but likely was phonon mediated in the fullerenes. Zettl was the first to intercalate high-Tc superconductors with foreign molecules [33] which allowed Cu-O planes to be physically and electronically separated. Zettl also produced high quality single crystals [34] of fullerene superconductors which facilitated a host of detailed transport and thermodynamic measurements. Zettl revealed the elastic properties of high-Tc materials, [35] and determined the effective dimensionality of fullerene superconductors via paraconductivity measurements. [36]

Carbon and boron nitride nanotubes and related nanostructures

Zettl has performed extensive studies on the mechanical and electronic properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). He created electronic devices from CNTs, including a rectifier [37] and chemical sensor. [38] From thermal conductivity measurements [39] he extracted the linear-T behavior expected from the quantum of thermal conductance. He created a highly robust CNT-based electron field emission source. [39] Zettl discovered that CNTs could be stable in a fully collapsed state, [40] which led to a refined quantification [41] of the interlayer interaction energy in graphite; this important parameter had previously been surprisingly ill-defined experimentally.

Zettl was the first to synthesize boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs), [1] for which (in sharp contrast to CNTs), the electronic and optical properties are relatively insensitive to wall number, diameter, and chirality. Zettl also found different ways to efficiently synthesize [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] BNNTs, along with related BN-based nanomaterials such as BN nanococoons [46] and BN aerogels. [47] He also developed methods to functionalize the outer surfaces of BNNTs, [48] [49] [50] and fill them with foreign chemical species [51] [52] creating new structures including silocrystals. [53] Zettl showed experimentally that an electric field could be used to modulate the electronic band gap of BNNTs (giant Stark effect). [54]

Nanoelectromechanical systems and advances in transmission electron microscopy

Zettl developed the transmission electron microscope (TEM) nanomanipulator, [11] [12] which allowed electrical and mechanical stimulation of nanoscale samples while they were being imaged inside the TEM. The nanomanipulator could be configured as a mechanical and/or electrical probe placed with atomic precision, as a scanning tunneling microscope, or as an atomic force microscope with simultaneous force measurement capability. [55] Zettl used the nanomanipulator to prove that multi-wall CNT were composed of nested concentric cylinders rather than scrolls, [12] and he determined the fundamental frictional forces between the cylinders. [12] [55] This led to his invention of the rotational nanomotor [4] that employed nanotube bearings. Other inventions by Zettl that resulted were surface-tension-powered relaxation oscillators, [8] tunable resonators, [56] nanocrystal-powered linear motors, [57] a fully integrated nanoradio receiver, [4] a nanoballoon actuator, [58] and nano-scale electrical [59] and thermal [60] rheostats. Zettl used the nanomanipulator to perform the first electron holography experiments [61] on nanoscale materials, which quantified quantum mechanical field emission from CNTs. Using an architecture similar to that of his nanoradio, Zettl created a nanoelectromechanical “balance” which had single atom mass sensitivity, and with which he observed atomic shot noise for the first time. [7] He developed a suspended graphene membrane [13] [14] that allowed for nearly real-time TEM imaging of individual carbon atom dynamics, and other isolated atomic and molecular species. Zettl's development of the TEM graphene liquid cell [15] and graphene flow cell [16] brought ultra-high-resolution real-time liquid phase imaging to the TEM world. Zettl also developed nanomechanical biological probes, [62] tailored nanopores, [63] [64] [65] and highly efficient wideband graphene-based mechanical energy transducers. [66] [67]

2D materials

Zettl has made key contributions to the synthesis and characterization of a host of 2D materials, including TaS2, [25] [26] MoS2, [68] [69] alloyed NbS2, [70] NbSe2, [71] and 2D quasicrystals. [72] Zettl recently discovered a means to enhance and control quantum light emission in hexagonal-BN heterostructures, [73] with implications for quantum information transmission and management.

Isolation of 1D chains and topological materials

In analogy to the isolation of 2D graphene from graphite, Zettl developed a method by which single or few chains of quasi 1D materials could be isolated and studied. [74] [75] He did this by synthesizing the materials in the confined (and protective) interior of CNTs and BNNTs. The method has yielded structures unknown in “bulk”, with often interesting electronic properties (such as sharp metal-to-insulator transitions [76] ) and non-trivial topological properties. [77] Atomically-precise ultra-narrow nanoribbons [78] were also created by Zettl via this confined growth method.

Liquid electronics

Using conducting nanoparticles softly “jammed” at the interface between two immiscible liquids, Zettl constructed electronic devices and “circuitry”, thus realizing an effective paradigm for “all liquid electronics”. [79] Such constructs could facilitate easier reconfiguration or complete recycling of constituents once the circuit architecture becomes obsolete.

Selected books, book chapters, and review articles

Contemporary Concepts of Condensed Matter Science, Volume 3, Pages 1–215 (2008)

Awards and honors

IBM Pre–doctoral Fellowship (1982-1983); Presidential Young Investigator Award (1984–1989); Sloan Foundation Fellowship (1984–1986); IBM Faculty Development Award (1985–1987); Miller Professorship (1995); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Outstanding Performance Award (1995); Lucent Technologies Faculty Award (1996); Fellow of the American Physical Society (1999); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Outstanding Performance Award (2004); R&D 100 Award (2004); APS James C. McGroddy Prize for New Materials (Shared with Hongjie Dai) (2006), Miller Professorship (2007); R&D 100 Award (2010); Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology, Experimental (2013); Membership, American Academy of Arts and Sciences (2014); R&D 100 Award (2015); Clarivate Citation Laureate (2020)

Personal life

Zettl is an outdoor enthusiast. He is an avid sea and whitewater kayaker and a whitewater rafter. He has guided numerous whitewater raft trips on class 5 rivers throughout California, and has guided wilderness descents of the Tatshenshini and Alsek Rivers in Alaska and a mid-winter descent of the Colorado River through the Grand Canyon. Zettl enjoys backcountry skiing and mountaineering, especially expedition climbing. He has led or co-led numerous climbing expeditions to the Alaska Range, the Saint Elias Range (Alaska and the Yukon), and the Andes of Ecuador, Peru, and Argentina. He has climbed technical routes on Denali, and completed a ski descent of Mt. Logan, Canada's highest peak. He has climbed extensively in the Sierra Nevada of California, the Cascades of the Pacific Northwest, the volcanoes of Mexico, the Alps of Germany, France, Switzerland, and Italy, the peaks of Morocco and Tanzania, the Alps of Japan and New Zealand, and in the Himalaya and Karakoram of Nepal and Pakistan. Zettl also enjoys designing and constructing amateur electronics, and building and operating off-road vehicles.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boron nitride</span> Refractory compound of boron and nitrogen with formula BN

Boron nitride is a thermally and chemically resistant refractory compound of boron and nitrogen with the chemical formula BN. It exists in various crystalline forms that are isoelectronic to a similarly structured carbon lattice. The hexagonal form corresponding to graphite is the most stable and soft among BN polymorphs, and is therefore used as a lubricant and an additive to cosmetic products. The cubic variety analogous to diamond is called c-BN; it is softer than diamond, but its thermal and chemical stability is superior. The rare wurtzite BN modification is similar to lonsdaleite but slightly softer than the cubic form.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carbon nanotube</span> Allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure

A carbon nanotube (CNT) is a tube made of carbon with a diameter in the nanometer range (nanoscale). They are one of the allotropes of carbon.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nanotube</span> Index of chemical compounds with the same name

A nanotube is a nanometer-scale hollow tube-like structure.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Graphene</span> Hexagonal lattice made of carbon atoms

Graphene is an allotrope of carbon consisting of a single layer of atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice nanostructure. The name is derived from "graphite" and the suffix -ene, reflecting the fact that the graphite allotrope of carbon contains numerous double bonds.

Phaedon Avouris is a Greek chemical physicist and materials scientist. He is an IBM Fellow and was formerly the group leader for Nanometer Scale Science and Technology at the Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, New York.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marvin L. Cohen</span> American physicist

Marvin Lou Cohen is an American–Canadian theoretical physicist. He is a physics professor at the University of California, Berkeley. Cohen is a leading expert in the field of condensed matter physics. He is widely known for his seminal work on the electronic structure of solids.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Graphene nanoribbon</span> Carbon allotrope

Graphene nanoribbons are strips of graphene with width less than 100 nm. Graphene ribbons were introduced as a theoretical model by Mitsutaka Fujita and coauthors to examine the edge and nanoscale size effect in graphene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Optical properties of carbon nanotubes</span> Optical properties of the material

The optical properties of carbon nanotubes are highly relevant for materials science. The way those materials interact with electromagnetic radiation is unique in many respects, as evidenced by their peculiar absorption, photoluminescence (fluorescence), and Raman spectra.

Katsunori Wakabayashi is a physicist at the International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Japan. He is an authority and leading researcher in nanotechnology in the area of energy states of single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCN). His research is notable for the edge effects of the nanographene materials, which is a part of the single layer graphene. He obtained his Ph.D. in 2000 from University of Tsukuba in Japan. From 2000 to 2009 he was an assistant professor at Department of Quantum Matter in Hiroshima University, Japan. From 2009, he is an Independent Scientist at International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) in Tsukuba, Japan. Beside the above primary research position, he was a visiting scholar at ETH-Zurich, Switzerland from 2003 to 2005, also had a concurrent position as PRESTO researcher in Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rodney S. Ruoff</span> American chemist

Rodney S. "Rod" Ruoff is an American physical chemist and nanoscience researcher. He is one of the world experts on carbon materials including carbon nanostructures such as fullerenes, nanotubes, graphene, diamond, and has had pioneering discoveries on such materials and others. Ruoff received his B.S. in chemistry from the University of Texas at Austin (1981) and his Ph.D. in chemical physics at the University of Illinois-Urbana (1988). After a Fulbright Fellowship at the MPI fuer Stroemungsforschung in Goettingen, Germany (1989) and postdoctoral work at the IBM T. J. Watson Research Center (1990–91), Ruoff became a staff scientist in the Molecular Physics Laboratory at SRI International (1991–1996). He is currently UNIST Distinguished Professor at the Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), and the director of the Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, an Institute for Basic Science Center located at UNIST.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Graphyne</span> Allotrope of carbon

Graphyne is an allotrope of carbon. Its structure is one-atom-thick planar sheets of sp and sp2-bonded carbon atoms arranged in crystal lattice. It can be seen as a lattice of benzene rings connected by acetylene bonds. The material is called graphyne-n when benzene rings are connected by n sequential acetylene molecules, and graphdiyne for a particular case of n = 2.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Borophene</span> Allotrope of boron

Borophene is a crystalline atomic monolayer of boron, i.e., it is a two-dimensional allotrope of boron and also known as boron sheet. First predicted by theory in the mid-1990s, different borophene structures were experimentally confirmed in 2015.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carbon peapod</span> Hybrid nanomaterial

Carbon peapod is a hybrid nanomaterial consisting of spheroidal fullerenes encapsulated within a carbon nanotube. It is named due to their resemblance to the seedpod of the pea plant. Since the properties of carbon peapods differ from those of nanotubes and fullerenes, the carbon peapod can be recognized as a new type of a self-assembled graphitic structure. Possible applications of nano-peapods include nanoscale lasers, single electron transistors, spin-qubit arrays for quantum computing, nanopipettes, and data storage devices thanks to the memory effects and superconductivity of nano-peapods.

A rapidly increasing list of graphene production techniques have been developed to enable graphene's use in commercial applications.

Graphene-Boron Nitride nanohybrid materials are a class of compounds created from graphene and boron nitride nanosheets. Graphene and boron nitride both contain intrinsic thermally conductive and electrically insulative properties. The combination of these two compounds may be useful to advance the development and understanding of electronics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Electronic properties of graphene</span>

Graphene is a semimetal whose conduction and valence bands meet at the Dirac points, which are six locations in momentum space, the vertices of its hexagonal Brillouin zone, divided into two non-equivalent sets of three points. The two sets are labeled K and K'. The sets give graphene a valley degeneracy of gv = 2. By contrast, for traditional semiconductors the primary point of interest is generally Γ, where momentum is zero. Four electronic properties separate it from other condensed matter systems.

A graphene morphology is any of the structures related to, and formed from, single sheets of graphene. 'Graphene' is typically used to refer to the crystalline monolayer of the naturally occurring material graphite. Due to quantum confinement of electrons within the material at these low dimensions, small differences in graphene morphology can greatly impact the physical and chemical properties of these materials. Commonly studied graphene morphologies include the monolayer sheets, bilayer sheets, graphene nanoribbons and other 3D structures formed from stacking of the monolayer sheets.

Two dimensional hexagonal boron nitride is a material of comparable structure to graphene with potential applications in e.g. photonics., fuel cells and as a substrate for two-dimensional heterostructures. 2D h-BN is isostructural to graphene, but where graphene is conductive, 2D h-BN is a wide-gap insulator.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Andrea C. Ferrari</span> Italian scientist

Andrea Carlo Ferrari is a professor of nanotechnology at the University of Cambridge.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">David Tománek</span>

David Tománek (born July 1954) is a U.S.-Swiss physicist of Czech origin and researcher in nanoscience and nanotechnology. He is Emeritus Professor of Physics at Michigan State University. He is known for predicting the structure and calculating properties of surfaces, atomic clusters including the C60 buckminsterfullerene, nanotubes, nanowires and nanohelices, graphene, and two-dimensional materials including phosphorene.

References

  1. 1 2 Chopra, Nasreen G.; Luyken, R. J.; Cherrey, K.; Crespi, Vincent H.; Cohen, Marvin L.; Louie, Steven G.; Zettl, A. (18 August 1995). "Boron Nitride Nanotubes". Science. 269 (5226): 966–967. doi:10.1126/science.269.5226.966. PMID   17807732. S2CID   28988094.
  2. ↑ "Boron Nitride Nanotubes". Wikipedia.
  3. ↑ Collins, Philip G.; Bradley, Keith; Ishigami, Masa; Zettl, A. (10 March 2000). "Extreme Oxygen Sensitivity of Electronic Properties of Carbon Nanotubes". Science. 287 (5459): 1801–1804. doi:10.1126/science.287.5459.1801. PMID   10710305.
  4. 1 2 3 Fennimore, A. M.; Yuzvinsky, T. D.; Han, Wei-Qiang; Fuhrer, M. S.; Cumings, J.; Zettl, A. (July 2003). "Rotational actuators based on carbon nanotubes". Nature. 424 (6947): 408–410. doi:10.1038/nature01823. PMID   12879064. S2CID   2200106.
  5. ↑ Jensen, K.; Weldon, J.; Garcia, H.; Zettl, A. (1 November 2007). "Nanotube Radio". Nano Letters. 7 (11): 3508–3511. doi:10.1021/nl0721113. PMID   17973438.
  6. ↑ Regis, Ed (2009). "The World's Smallest Radio". Scientific American. 300 (3): 40–45. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0309-40. PMID   19253772.
  7. 1 2 Jensen, K.; Kim, Kwanpyo; Zettl, A. (September 2008). "An atomic-resolution nanomechanical mass sensor". Nature Nanotechnology. 3 (9): 533–537. arXiv: 0809.2126 . doi:10.1038/nnano.2008.200. PMID   18772913. S2CID   11406873.
  8. 1 2 Regan, B. C.; Aloni, S.; Ritchie, R. O.; Dahmen, U.; Zettl, A. (April 2004). "Carbon nanotubes as nanoscale mass conveyors". Nature. 428 (6986): 924–927. doi:10.1038/nature02496. PMID   15118721. S2CID   4430369.
  9. ↑ Regan, B. C.; Aloni, S.; Jensen, K.; Zettl, A. (21 March 2005). "Surface-tension-driven nanoelectromechanical relaxation oscillator". Applied Physics Letters. 86 (12): 123119. doi: 10.1063/1.1887827 .
  10. ↑ Chang, C. W.; Okawa, D.; Majumdar, A.; Zettl, A. (17 November 2006). "Solid-State Thermal Rectifier". Science. 314 (5802): 1121–1124. doi:10.1126/science.1132898. PMID   17110571. S2CID   19495307.
  11. 1 2 Cumings, John; Collins, Philip G.; Zettl, A. (August 2000). "Peeling and sharpening multiwall nanotubes". Nature. 406 (6796): 586. doi:10.1038/35020698. PMID   10949291. S2CID   33223709.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Cumings, John; Zettl, A. (28 July 2000). "Low-Friction Nanoscale Linear Bearing Realized from Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes". Science. 289 (5479): 602–604. doi:10.1126/science.289.5479.602. PMID   10915618.
  13. 1 2 Meyer, Jannik C.; Kisielowski, C.; Erni, R.; Rossell, Marta D.; Crommie, M. F.; Zettl, A. (12 November 2008). "Direct Imaging of Lattice Atoms and Topological Defects in Graphene Membranes". Nano Letters. 8 (11): 3582–3586. doi:10.1021/nl801386m. PMID   18563938.
  14. 1 2 Girit, Çağlar Ö.; Meyer, Jannik C.; Erni, Rolf; Rossell, Marta D.; Kisielowski, C.; Yang, Li; Park, Cheol-Hwan; Crommie, M. F.; Cohen, Marvin L.; Louie, Steven G.; Zettl, A. (27 March 2009). "Graphene at the Edge: Stability and Dynamics". Science. 323 (5922): 1705–1708. doi:10.1126/science.1166999. PMID   19325110. S2CID   24762146.
  15. 1 2 Yuk, Jong Min; Park, Jungwon; Ercius, Peter; Kim, Kwanpyo; Hellebusch, Daniel J.; Crommie, Michael F.; Lee, Jeong Yong; Zettl, A.; Alivisatos, A. Paul (6 April 2012). "High-Resolution EM of Colloidal Nanocrystal Growth Using Graphene Liquid Cells". Science. 336 (6077): 61–64. doi:10.1126/science.1217654. PMID   22491849. S2CID   12984064.
  16. 1 2 Dunn, Gabriel; Adiga, Vivekananda P.; Pham, Thang; Bryant, Christopher; Horton-Bailey, Donez J.; Belling, Jason N.; LaFrance, Ben; Jackson, Jonathan A.; Barzegar, Hamid Reza; Yuk, Jong Min; Aloni, Shaul; Crommie, Michael F.; Zettl, Alex (25 August 2020). "Graphene-Sealed Flow Cells for In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy of Liquid Samples". ACS Nano. 14 (8): 9637–9643. doi:10.1021/acsnano.0c00431. PMID   32806056. S2CID   221164696.
  17. ↑ Grüner, G.; Zettl, A.; Clark, W.G.; Bardeen, John (15 December 1981). "Field and frequency dependence of charge-density-wave conduction in NbSe3". Physical Review B. 24 (7247): 7247–7257. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.24.7247.
  18. ↑ Bardeen, J.; Ben-Jacob, E.; Zettl, A.; Grüner, G. (16 August 1982). "Current Oscillations and Stability of Charge-Density-Wave Motion in NbSe3". Physical Review Letters. 49 (493): 493–496. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.49.493.
  19. ↑ Sherwin, M.; Hall, R.; Zettl, A. (1 October 1984). "Chaotic ac Conductivity in the Charge-Density-Wave State of (TaSe4)2I". Physical Review Letters. 53 (1387): 1387–1390. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.53.1387.
  20. ↑ Sherwin, M.S.; Zettl, A. (1 October 1984). "Chaotic response of NbSe3: Evidence for a new charge-density-wave phase". Physical Review Letters. 53 (1387): 1387. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.53.1387.
  21. ↑ Sherwin, M.S.; Zettl, A. (15 October 1985). "Complete charge density-wave mode locking and freeze-out of fluctuations in NbSe3". Physical Review B. 32 (5536(R)): 5536–5539. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.32.5536. PMID   9937795.
  22. ↑ Hall, R.P.; Hundley, M.F.; Zettl, A. (2 June 1986). "Switching and Phase-Slip Centers in Charge-Density-Wave Conductors". Physical Review Letters. 56 (2399): 2399–2402. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.56.2399. PMID   10032976.
  23. ↑ Bourne, L.C.; Sherwin, M.S.; Zettl, A. (5 May 1986). "Elastic Properties of Charge-Density-Wave Conductors: ac-dc Electric Field Coupling". Physical Review Letters. 56 (1952): 1952–1955. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.56.1952. PMID   10032819.
  24. ↑ Onishi, Seita; Jamei, Mehdi; Zettl, Alex (1 February 2017). "Narrowband noise study of sliding charge density waves in NbSe3 nanoribbons". New Journal of Physics. 19 (2): 023001. doi: 10.1088/1367-2630/aa5912 .
  25. 1 2 Burke, B.; Thomson, R.E.; Zettl, A.; Clarke, John (1991). "Charge-density-wave domains in 1T-TaS2 observed by satellite structure in scanning-tunneling-microscopy images". Physical Review Letters. 66 (23): 3040–3043. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.66.3040. PMID   10043683.
  26. 1 2 Burk, B.; Thomson, R. E.; Clarke, John; Zettl, A. (17 July 1992). "Surface and Bulk Charge Density Wave Structure in 1 T-TaS2". Science. 257 (5068): 362–364. doi:10.1126/science.257.5068.362. PMID   17832831. S2CID   8530734.
  27. ↑ Bourne, L. C.; Crommie, M. F.; Zettl, A.; Loye, Hans-Conrad zur; Keller, S. W.; Leary, K. L.; Stacy, Angelica M.; Chang, K. J.; Cohen, Marvin L.; Morris, Donald E. (1 June 1987). "Search for Isotope Effect in Superconducting Y-Ba-Cu-O". Physical Review Letters. 58 (22): 2337–2339. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.58.2337. PMID   10034719.
  28. ↑ Hoen, S.; Creager, W. N.; Bourne, L. C.; Crommie, M. F.; Barbee, T. W.; Cohen, Marvin L.; Zettl, A.; Bernardez, Luis; Kinney, John (1 February 1989). "Oxygen isotope study of YBa2Cu3O7". Physical Review B. 39 (4): 2269–2278. doi:10.1103/physrevb.39.2269. PMID   9948464.
  29. 1 2 Bourne, L. C.; Zettl, A.; Barbee, T. W.; Cohen, Marvin L. (1 September 1987). "Complete absence of isotope effect in Y Ba 2 Cu 3 O 7 : Consequences for phonon-mediated superconductivity". Physical Review B. 36 (7): 3990–3993. doi:10.1103/physrevb.36.3990. PMID   9943360.
  30. ↑ Faltens, Tanya A.; Ham, William K.; Keller, Steven W.; Leary, Kevin J.; Michaels, James N.; Stacy, Angelica M.; zur Loye, Hans-Conrad; Morris, Donald E.; Barbee III, T. W.; Bourne, L. C.; Cohen, Marvin L.; Hoen, S.; Zettl, A. (24 August 1987). "Observation of an oxygen isotope shift in the superconducting transition temperature of La1.85Sr0.15CuO4". Physical Review Letters. 59 (8): 915–918. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.59.915. PMID   10035905.
  31. ↑ Fuhrer, M.S.; Cherrey, K.; Zettl, A. (August 1997). "Carbon isotope effect in single-crystal Rb3C60". Physica C: Superconductivity. 282–287: 1917–1918. doi:10.1016/S0921-4534(97)01010-1.
  32. ↑ Burk, B.; Crespi, Vincent H.; Zettl, A.; Cohen, Marvin L. (6 June 1994). "Rubidium isotope effect in superconducting Rb3C60". Physical Review Letters. 72 (23): 3706–3709. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.72.3706. PMID   10056269.
  33. ↑ Xiang, X-D.; McKernan, S.; Vareka, W. A.; Zettl, A.; Corkill, J. L.; Barbee, T. W.; Cohen, Marvin L. (November 1990). "Iodine intercalation of a high-temperature superconducting oxide". Nature. 348 (6297): 145–147. doi:10.1038/348145a0. S2CID   4369061.
  34. ↑ Xiang, X. -D.; Hou, J. G.; Briceño, G.; Vareka, W. A.; Mostovoy, R.; Zettl, A.; Crespi, Vincent H.; Cohen, Marvin L. (22 May 1992). "Synthesis and Electronic Transport of Single Crystal K3C60". Science. 256 (5060): 1190–1191. doi:10.1126/science.256.5060.1190. PMID   17795215. S2CID   11537235.
  35. ↑ Hoen, S.; Bourne, L. C.; Kim, Choon M.; Zettl, A. (1 December 1988). "Elastic response of polycrystalline and single-crystal Y Ba2Cu3O7". Physical Review B. 38 (16): 11949–11951. doi:10.1103/physrevb.38.11949. PMID   9946111.
  36. ↑ Xiang, X.-D.; Hou, J. G.; Crespi, Vincent H.; Zettl, A.; Cohen, Marvin L. (January 1993). "Three-dimensional fluctuation conductivity in superconducting single crystal K3C60 and Rb3C60". Nature. 361 (6407): 54–56. doi:10.1038/361054a0. S2CID   4342464.
  37. ↑ Collins, Philip G.; Zettl, A.; Bando, Hiroshi; Thess, Andreas; Smalley, R. E. (3 October 1997). "Nanotube Nanodevice". Science. 278 (5335): 100–102. doi:10.1126/science.278.5335.100.
  38. ↑ Sahoo, Satyaprakash; Chitturi, Venkateswara Rao; Agarwal, Radhe; Jiang, Jin-Wu; Katiyar, Ram S. (26 November 2014). "Thermal Conductivity of Freestanding Single Wall Carbon Nanotube Sheet by Raman Spectroscopy". ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 6 (22): 19958–19965. doi:10.1021/am505484z. PMID   25350877.
  39. 1 2 Collins, Philip G.; Zettl, A. (23 September 1996). "A simple and robust electron beam source from carbon nanotubes". Applied Physics Letters. 69 (13): 1969–1971. doi:10.1063/1.117638.
  40. ↑ Chopra, Nasreen G.; Benedict, Lorin X.; Crespi, Vincent H.; Cohen, Marvin L.; Louie, Steven G.; Zettl, A. (September 1995). "Fully collapsed carbon nanotubes". Nature. 377 (6545): 135–138. doi:10.1038/377135a0. S2CID   4351651.
  41. ↑ Benedict, Lorin X; Chopra, Nasreen G; Cohen, Marvin L; Zettl, A; Louie, Steven G; Crespi, Vincent H (April 1998). "Microscopic determination of the interlayer binding energy in graphite". Chemical Physics Letters. 286 (5–6): 490–496. doi:10.1016/S0009-2614(97)01466-8.
  42. ↑ Han, Wei-Qiang; Cumings, John; Zettl, Alex (30 April 2001). "Pyrolytically grown arrays of highly aligned BxCyNz nanotubes". Applied Physics Letters. 78 (18): 2769–2771. doi:10.1063/1.1369620.
  43. ↑ Cumings, John; Zettl, A. (January 2000). "Mass-production of boron nitride double-wall nanotubes and nanococoons". Chemical Physics Letters. 316 (3–4): 211–216. doi:10.1016/S0009-2614(99)01277-4.
  44. ↑ Han, Wei-Qiang; Cumings, John; Huang, Xiaosheng; Bradley, Keith; Zettl, Alex (October 2001). "Synthesis of aligned BxCyNz nanotubes by a substitution-reaction route". Chemical Physics Letters. 346 (5–6): 368–372. doi:10.1016/S0009-2614(01)00993-9.
  45. ↑ Han, Wei-Qiang; Mickelson, W.; Cumings, John; Zettl, A. (5 August 2002). "Transformation of BxCyNz nanotubes to pure BN nanotubes". Applied Physics Letters. 81 (6): 1110–1112. doi:10.1063/1.1498494.
  46. 1 2 Fathalizadeh, Aidin; Pham, Thang; Mickelson, William; Zettl, Alex (13 August 2014). "Scaled Synthesis of Boron Nitride Nanotubes, Nanoribbons, and Nanococoons Using Direct Feedstock Injection into an Extended-Pressure, Inductively-Coupled Thermal Plasma". Nano Letters. 14 (8): 4881–4886. doi:10.1021/nl5022915. PMID   25003307.
  47. ↑ Rousseas, Michael; Goldstein, Anna P.; Mickelson, William; Worsley, Marcus A.; Woo, Leta; Zettl, Alex (22 October 2013). "Synthesis of Highly Crystalline sp2-Bonded Boron Nitride Aerogels". ACS Nano. 7 (10): 8540–8546. doi:10.1021/nn402452p. PMID   24011289.
  48. ↑ Han, Wei-Qiang; Zettl, Alex (1 February 2003). "Functionalized Boron Nitride Nanotubes with a Stannic Oxide Coating: A Novel Chemical Route to Full Coverage". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 125 (8): 2062–2063. doi:10.1021/ja0292501. PMID   12590530.
  49. ↑ Ikuno, T.; Sainsbury, T.; Okawa, D.; Fréchet, J.M.J.; Zettl, A. (June 2007). "Amine-functionalized boron nitride nanotubes". Solid State Communications. 142 (11): 643–646. doi:10.1016/j.ssc.2007.04.010.
  50. ↑ Sainsbury, Toby; Ikuno, Takashi; Okawa, David; Pacilé, Daniela; Fréchet, Jean M. J.; Zettl, Alex (1 September 2007). "Self-Assembly of Gold Nanoparticles at the Surface of Amine- and Thiol-Functionalized Boron Nitride Nanotubes". The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 111 (35): 12992–12999. doi:10.1021/jp072958n.
  51. ↑ Han, Wei-Qiang; Zettl, A. (5 April 2004). "Nanocrystal cleaving". Applied Physics Letters. 84 (14): 2644–2645. doi: 10.1063/1.1695635 .
  52. ↑ Pham, Thang; Fathalizadeh, Aidin; Shevitski, Brian; Turner, Sally; Aloni, Shaul; Zettl, Alex (13 January 2016). "A Universal Wet-Chemistry Route to Metal Filling of Boron Nitride Nanotubes". Nano Letters. 16 (1): 320–325. doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b03874. PMID   26707874.
  53. ↑ Mickelson, W.; Aloni, S.; Han, Wei-Qiang; Cumings, John; Zettl, A. (18 April 2003). "Packing C60 in Boron Nitride Nanotubes". Science. 300 (5618): 467–469. doi:10.1126/science.1082346. PMID   12702871. S2CID   206507202.
  54. ↑ Ishigami, Masa; Sau, Jay Deep; Aloni, Shaul; Cohen, Marvin L.; Zettl, A. (10 February 2005). "Observation of the Giant Stark Effect in Boron-Nitride Nanotubes". Physical Review Letters. 94 (5): 056804. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.056804. PMID   15783676.
  55. 1 2 Kis, A.; Jensen, K.; Aloni, S.; Mickelson, W.; Zettl, A. (11 July 2006). "Interlayer Forces and Ultralow Sliding Friction in Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes". Physical Review Letters. 97 (2): 025501. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.025501. PMID   16907454.
  56. ↑ Jensen, K.; Girit, Ç.; Mickelson, W.; Zettl, A. (31 May 2006). "Tunable Nanoresonators Constructed from Telescoping Nanotubes". Physical Review Letters. 96 (21): 215503. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.215503. PMID   16803247.
  57. ↑ Regan, B. C.; Aloni, S.; Jensen, K.; Ritchie, R. O.; Zettl, A. (1 September 2005). "Nanocrystal-Powered Nanomotor". Nano Letters. 5 (9): 1730–1733. doi:10.1021/nl0510659. PMID   16159214.
  58. ↑ Barzegar, Hamid Reza; Yan, Aiming; Coh, Sinisa; Gracia-Espino, Eduardo; Dunn, Gabriel; Wågberg, Thomas; Louie, Steven G.; Cohen, Marvin L.; Zettl, Alex (9 November 2016). "Electrostatically Driven Nanoballoon Actuator". Nano Letters. 16 (11): 6787–6791. doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b02394. PMID   27704855.
  59. ↑ Cumings, John; Zettl, Alex (2002). "Resistance of Telescoping Nanotubes". AIP Conference Proceedings. 633: 227–230. doi:10.1063/1.1514111.
  60. ↑ Chang, C. W.; Okawa, D.; Garcia, H.; Yuzvinsky, T. D.; Majumdar, A.; Zettl, A. (7 May 2007). "Tunable thermal links". Applied Physics Letters. 90 (19): 193114. doi:10.1063/1.2738187.
  61. ↑ Cumings, John; Zettl, A.; McCartney, M. R.; Spence, J. C. H. (18 January 2002). "Electron Holography of Field-Emitting Carbon Nanotubes". Physical Review Letters. 88 (5): 056804. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.056804. PMID   11863765.
  62. ↑ Chen, Xing; Kis, Andras; Zettl, A.; Bertozzi, Carolyn R. (15 May 2007). "A cell nanoinjector based on carbon nanotubes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104 (20): 8218–8222. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0700567104 . PMC   1895932 . PMID   17485677.
  63. ↑ Pham, Thang; Gibb, Ashley L.; Li, Zhenglu; Gilbert, S. Matt; Song, Chengyu; Louie, Steven G.; Zettl, Alex (9 November 2016). "Formation and Dynamics of Electron-Irradiation-Induced Defects in Hexagonal Boron Nitride at Elevated Temperatures". Nano Letters. 16 (11): 7142–7147. doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b03442. PMID   27685639.
  64. ↑ Gilbert, S. Matt; Dunn, Gabriel; Azizi, Amin; Pham, Thang; Shevitski, Brian; Dimitrov, Edgar; Liu, Stanley; Aloni, Shaul; Zettl, Alex (8 November 2017). "Fabrication of Subnanometer-Precision Nanopores in Hexagonal Boron Nitride". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 15096. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-12684-x. PMC   5678191 . PMID   29118413.
  65. ↑ Gilbert, S Matt; Pham, Thang; Dogan, Mehmet; Oh, Sehoon; Shevitski, Brian; Schumm, Gabe; Liu, Stanley; Ercius, Peter; Aloni, Shaul; Cohen, Marvin L; Zettl, Alex (28 March 2019). "Alternative stacking sequences in hexagonal boron nitride". 2D Materials. 6 (2): 021006. arXiv: 1810.04814 . doi:10.1088/2053-1583/ab0e24. S2CID   119216315.
  66. ↑ Zhou, Qin; Zettl, A. (3 June 2013). "Electrostatic graphene loudspeaker". Applied Physics Letters. 102 (22): 223109. arXiv: 1303.2391 . doi:10.1063/1.4806974. S2CID   29754669.
  67. ↑ Zhou, Qin; Zheng, Jinglin; Onishi, Seita; Crommie, M. F.; Zettl, Alex K. (21 July 2015). "Graphene electrostatic microphone and ultrasonic radio". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (29): 8942–8946. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1505800112 . PMC   4517232 . PMID   26150483.
  68. ↑ Yan, Aiming; Velasco, Jairo; Kahn, Salman; Watanabe, Kenji; Taniguchi, Takashi; Wang, Feng; Crommie, Michael F.; Zettl, Alex (14 October 2015). "Direct Growth of Single- and Few-Layer MoS 2 on h-BN with Preferred Relative Rotation Angles". Nano Letters. 15 (10): 6324–6331. arXiv: 1504.06641 . doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b01311. PMID   26317240. S2CID   24396802.
  69. ↑ Yan, Aiming; Chen, Wei; Ophus, Colin; Ciston, Jim; Lin, Yuyuan; Persson, Kristin; Zettl, Alex (25 January 2016). "Identifying different stacking sequences in few-layer CVD-grown Mo S 2 by low-energy atomic-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy". Physical Review B. 93 (4): 041420. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.93.041420 .
  70. ↑ Azizi, Amin; Dogan, Mehmet; Cain, Jeffrey D.; Lee, Kyunghoon; Yu, Xuanze; Shi, Wu; Glazer, Emily C.; Cohen, Marvin L.; Zettl, Alex (23 November 2021). "Experimental and Theoretical Study of Possible Collective Electronic States in Exfoliable Re-Doped NbS 2". ACS Nano. 15 (11): 18297–18304. doi:10.1021/acsnano.1c07526. PMID   34739204. S2CID   243801788.
  71. ↑ Onishi, Seita; Ugeda, Miguel M.; Zhang, Yi; Chen, Yi; Ojeda‐Aristizabal, Claudia; Ryu, Hyejin; Mo, Sung‐Kwan; Hussain, Zahid; Shen, Zhi‐Xun; Crommie, Michael F.; Zettl, Alex (December 2016). "Selenium capped monolayer NbSe 2 for two‐dimensional superconductivity studies". Physica Status Solidi B. 253 (12): 2396–2399. doi: 10.1002/pssb.201600235 .
  72. ↑ Cain, Jeffrey D.; Azizi, Amin; Conrad, Matthias; Griffin, Sinéad M.; Zettl, Alex (20 October 2020). "Layer-dependent topological phase in a two-dimensional quasicrystal and approximant". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 117 (42): 26135–26140. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2015164117 . PMC   7584993 . PMID   33020263.
  73. ↑ Su, Cong; Zhang, Fang; Kahn, Salman; Shevitski, Brian; Jiang, Jingwei; Dai, Chunhui; Ungar, Alex; Park, Ji-Hoon; Watanabe, Kenji; Taniguchi, Takashi; Kong, Jing; Tang, Zikang; Zhang, Wenqing; Wang, Feng; Crommie, Michael; Louie, Steven G.; Aloni, Shaul; Zettl, Alex (August 2022). "Tuning colour centres at a twisted hexagonal boron nitride interface". Nature Materials. 21 (8): 896–902. doi:10.1038/s41563-022-01303-4. OSTI   1906698. PMID   35835818. S2CID   250535073.
  74. ↑ Pham, Thang; Oh, Sehoon; Stetz, Patrick; Onishi, Seita; Kisielowski, Christian; Cohen, Marvin L.; Zettl, Alex (20 July 2018). "Torsional instability in the single-chain limit of a transition metal trichalcogenide". Science. 361 (6399): 263–266. arXiv: 1803.02866 . doi:10.1126/science.aat4749. PMID   30026223. S2CID   49896559.
  75. ↑ Stonemeyer, Scott; Cain, Jeffrey D.; Oh, Sehoon; Azizi, Amin; Elasha, Malik; Thiel, Markus; Song, Chengyu; Ercius, Peter; Cohen, Marvin L.; Zettl, Alex (31 March 2021). "Stabilization of NbTe3 , VTe3 , and TiTe3 via Nanotube Encapsulation". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 143 (12): 4563–4568. arXiv: 2009.10869 . doi:10.1021/jacs.0c10175. PMID   33258601. S2CID   221856719.
  76. ↑ Meyer, Scott; Pham, Thang; Oh, Sehoon; Ercius, Peter; Kisielowski, Christian; Cohen, Marvin L.; Zettl, Alex (9 July 2019). "Metal-insulator transition in quasi-one-dimensional HfTe 3 in the few-chain limit". Physical Review B. 100 (4): 041403. arXiv: 1903.00464 . doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.100.041403. S2CID   118830779.
  77. ↑ Pham, Thang; Oh, Sehoon; Stonemeyer, Scott; Shevitski, Brian; Cain, Jeffrey D.; Song, Chengyu; Ercius, Peter; Cohen, Marvin L.; Zettl, Alex (20 May 2020). "Emergence of Topologically Nontrivial Spin-Polarized States in a Segmented Linear Chain". Physical Review Letters. 124 (20): 206403. arXiv: 2001.06565 . doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.206403. PMID   32501077. S2CID   210839580.
  78. ↑ Cain, Jeffrey D.; Oh, Sehoon; Azizi, Amin; Stonemeyer, Scott; Dogan, Mehmet; Thiel, Markus; Ercius, Peter; Cohen, Marvin L.; Zettl, Alex (14 April 2021). "Ultranarrow TaS 2 Nanoribbons". Nano Letters. 21 (7): 3211–3217. arXiv: 2012.05399 . doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00481. PMID   33818102. S2CID   233029041.
  79. ↑ Popple, Derek; Shekhirev, Mikhail; Dai, Chunhui; Kim, Paul; Wang, Katherine Xiaoxin; Ashby, Paul; Helms, Brett A.; Gogotsi, Yury; Russell, Thomas P.; Zettl, Alex (27 October 2022). "All‐Liquid Reconfigurable Electronics Using Jammed MXene Interfaces". Advanced Materials. 35 (13): 2208148. doi: 10.1002/adma.202208148 . PMID   36302090.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.