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The Reconstruction era, the period in American history that lasted from 1865 to 1877 following the American Civil War (1861–65), marked a significant chapter in the history of civil rights in the United States. Reconstruction ended the remnants of Confederate secession and abolished slavery, making the newly freed slaves citizens with civil rights ostensibly guaranteed by three new constitutional amendments. Reconstruction also refers to the attempt to transform the 11 Southern former Confederate states, as directed by Congress, and the role of the Union states in that transformation.
Pinckney Benton Stewart Pinchback was an American publisher and politician, a Union Army officer, and the first African American to become governor of a U.S. state. A Republican, Pinchback served as the 24th Governor of Louisiana from December 9, 1872, to January 13, 1873. He was one of the most prominent African-American officeholders during the Reconstruction Era.
The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, usually referred to as simply the Freedmen's Bureau, operated as a U.S. government agency from 1865 to 1872, after the American Civil War, to direct "provisions, clothing, and fuel ... for the immediate and temporary shelter and supply of destitute and suffering refugees and freedmen and their wives and children".
In United States history, the term scalawag referred to white Southerners who supported Reconstruction policies and efforts after the conclusion of the American Civil War. As with the term carpetbagger, the word has a long history of use as a slur in Southern partisan debates. The opponents of the scalawags claimed they were disloyal to traditional values. The term is commonly used in historical studies as a descriptor of Southern white Republicans, although some historians have discarded the term due to its history of pejorative connotations.
In the history of the United States, carpetbagger was a derogatory term applied by former Confederates to Northerners who came to the Southern states after the American Civil War; they were perceived as exploiting the local populace. The term broadly included both individuals who sought to promote Republican politics, and individuals who saw business and political opportunities because of the chaotic state of the local economies following the war. In practice, the term carpetbagger was often applied to any Northerner who was present in the South during the Reconstruction Era (1863–1877). The term is closely associated with "scalawag", a similarly pejorative word used to describe native White Southerners who supported the Republican Party-led Reconstruction.
Henry Stanbery was an American lawyer from Ohio. He was most notable for his service as Ohio's first attorney general from 1846 to 1851 and the United States Attorney General from 1866 to 1868.
The Georgia Republican Party is the affiliate of the Republican Party in the U.S. state of Georgia and one of the two major political parties in the state.
Caesar Carpentier Antoine (1836–1921) was a politician, the third of three African-American Republicans who were elected and served as the Lieutenant Governor of the U.S. state of Louisiana during the era of Reconstruction. He left office in 1877, the last Republican to hold the lieutenant governorship until 1988. That year Paul Jude Hardy, a former Louisiana Secretary of State was elected.
At the end of the American Civil War, the devastation and disruption in the state of Georgia were dramatic. Wartime damage, the inability to maintain a labor force without slavery, and miserable weather had a disastrous effect on agricultural production. The state's chief cash crop, cotton, fell from a high of more than 700,000 bales in 1860 to less than 50,000 in 1865, while harvests of corn and wheat were also meager. The state government subsidized construction of numerous new railroad lines. White farmers turned to cotton as a cash crop, often using commercial fertilizers to make up for the poor soils they owned. The coastal rice plantations never recovered from the war.
John Curtiss Underwood was an attorney, abolitionist politician and a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Virginia and the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia.
George W. Ashburn was a Radical Republican assassinated by the Ku Klux Klan in Columbus, Georgia for his pro-African-American sentiments. He was the first murder victim of the Klan in Georgia.
Reverend Romulus Moore was a politician and leader of the early civil rights movement after the American Civil War during the Reconstruction Era in the U.S. state of Georgia. An African American, Moore was elected to the state legislature in 1868. Moore was expelled from the legislature in 1868 along with other African Americans and reinstated in the Georgia General Assembly in 1870 by an Act of Congress. Reverend Moore was active in advocating the 15th Amendment to the United States Constitution.
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Henry W. Webb was a political leader in Reconstruction era South Carolina. He was a delegate to the South Carolina Constitutional Convention of 1868 and elected to the South Carolina House of Representatives the same year.
Henry L. Shrewsbury was an American teacher and Reconstruction era state legislator in South Carolina. He was described as a free mullato, and represented Chesterfield County in the South Carolina House of Representatives from 1868 until 1870.
William M. Thomas was a Republican, African American politician during the Reconstruction era. He was a minister affiliated with the African Methodist Episcopal Church. He represented Colleton County in the 1868 South Carolina Constitutional Convention and in the South Carolina House of Representatives from 1868 until 1876. He was also an officer in the state militia and was a delegate to the 1876 Republican National Convention. He was categorized as "colored". He and Joseph D. Boston were the only African Americans to serve all four terms during the Reconstruction era in the South Carolina House.
F. H. Fyall was a state Representative in the U.S. state of Georgia during the Reconstruction era. He was one of the Original 33 African Americans elected as legislators in Georgia.
George Linder was a reverend and state representative in Georgia. He was elected to represent Laurens County in the Georgia House of Representatives during the Reconstruction era but was expelled along with the other elected African Americans. He and other African Americans were expelled. He was documented as a farmworker.
References
- ↑ "Constitution, Ordinances and Resolutions of the Georgia Convention: Assembled in Pursuance of the Reconstruction Acts of Congress, and Held, by Order of General Pope, in the City of Atlanta, in 1867 and 1868 ..." New Era Office. 18 March 1868 – via Google Books.
- ↑ Georgia. Supreme Court; White, R.W.; Clements, W.J.; Davis, E. (1869). Can a Negro Hold Office in Georgia?. Daily Intelligence Book and Job Office. p. 132. Retrieved 2018-03-18.
- ↑ Drago, Edmund L. (18 March 1982). Black Politicians and Reconstruction in Georgia: A Splendid Failure. University of Georgia Press. p. 68. ISBN 9780820314389 – via Google Books.
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