American Camouflage Corps

Last updated

The American Camouflage Corps was organized in 1917 at the officers' training camp in Plattsburgh, New York, as the first such corps in the U.S. Army. Its organizers were architect Evarts Tracy of Tracy and Swartwout, and artists Wilford Conrow and Homer Saint-Gaudens. [1]

Many of the corps' members were architects, painters and sculptors, some well known. In July 1917 Western painter Maynard Dixon visited Seattle, recruiting for the Corps among designers, scene painters, sign painters, architects, and "landscape gardeners," an effort that was coordinated through San Francisco architect Arthur Brown Jr. and the California School of Fine Arts. [2] In Hollywood, director Cecil B. DeMille was appointed to the engineers' office to assist the continued recruitment of technical specialists, as of April 1918. [3]

The corps sailed for Europe on January 4, 1918 under the command of Saint-Gaudens, [4] and deployed in the field in France as Company A of the 40th Engineers. The company was "composed of artists, the majority of whom were the sons of wealthy citizens and had been especially selected for their work -- that of camouflaging. Among the things accomplished by this unit, the only American organization of its kind in France, was the camouflaging of the roads leading from Nancy and Dijon, through which thousands of women refugees, accompanied by their children, passed in safety each day." [5] By October Saint-Gaudens had been put in charge of the Second Army's camouflage of "the line from Pont-à-Mousson to about fifteen miles south of Verdun." [4]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Augustus Saint-Gaudens</span> American artist, sculptor, and coin engraver (1848-1907)

Augustus Saint-Gaudens was an American sculptor of the Beaux-Arts generation who embodied the ideals of the American Renaissance. From an Irish-French family, Saint-Gaudens was raised in New York City. He traveled to Europe for further training and artistic study. After he returned to New York, he achieved major critical success for his monuments commemorating heroes of the American Civil War, many of which still stand. Saint-Gaudens created works such as the Robert Gould Shaw Memorial on Boston Common, Abraham Lincoln: The Man, and grand equestrian monuments to Civil War generals: General John Logan Memorial in Chicago's Grant Park and William Tecumseh Sherman at the corner of New York's Central Park. In addition, he created the popular historicist representation of The Puritan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">87th Infantry Division (United States)</span> Military unit

The 87th Infantry Division was a unit of the United States Army in World War I and World War II.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abbott Handerson Thayer</span> American painter (1849–1921)

Abbott Handerson Thayer was an American artist, naturalist, and teacher. As a painter of portraits, figures, animals, and landscapes, he enjoyed a certain prominence during his lifetime, and his paintings are represented in major American art collections. He is perhaps best known for his 'angel' paintings, some of which use his children as models.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Military camouflage</span> Camouflage used to protect from enemy observation

Military camouflage is the use of camouflage by an armed force to protect personnel and equipment from observation by enemy forces. In practice, this means applying colour and materials to military equipment of all kinds, including vehicles, ships, aircraft, gun positions and battledress, either to conceal it from observation (crypsis), or to make it appear as something else (mimicry). The French slang word camouflage came into common English usage during World War I when the concept of visual deception developed into an essential part of modern military tactics. In that war, long-range artillery and observation from the air combined to expand the field of fire, and camouflage was widely used to decrease the danger of being targeted or to enable surprise. As such, military camouflage is a form of military deception in addition to cultural functions such as political identification.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ernest A. Janson</span> American soldier and hero of the Battle of Belleau Wood

Sergeant Major Ernest August Janson was a United States Marine who was highly decorated for his heroic actions in World War I. He was awarded both the Army and Navy Medal of Honor, the French Médaille militaire and Croix de Guerre as well as decorations from Italy, Montenegro and Portugal. During World War I he served under the name Charles F. Hoffman.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abraham Rattner</span> American artist

Abraham Rattner was an American artist, best known for his richly colored paintings, often with religious subject matter. During World War I, he served in France with the U.S. Army as a camouflage artist.

Sherry Edmundson Fry was an American sculptor, who also played a prominent role in U.S. Army camouflage during World War I.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Everett Warner</span> American painter

Everett Longley Warner was an American Impressionist painter and printmaker, as well as a leading contributor to US Navy camouflage during both World Wars.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">World War I in popular culture</span> World War I depicted in popular culture

The First World War, which was fought between 1914 and 1918, had an immediate impact on popular culture. In over the hundred years since the war ended, the war has resulted in many artistic and cultural works from all sides and nations that participated in the war. This included artworks, books, poems, films, television, music, and more recently, video games. Many of these pieces were created by soldiers who took part in the war.

Carroll Thayer Berry was an American artist who grew up in Maine, and whose work is often said to be emblematic of New England, especially the seacoast. In addition, he was one of the first U.S. artists to be assigned to camouflage in World War I.

Harold Van Buskirk was an American architect and fencing champion, and a three-time member of the US Olympic fencing team. During World War I, he was the officer in charge of the US Navy Camouflage Section, which designed and tested camouflage for American ships, both military and civilian.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Barry Faulkner</span> American painter

Barry Faulkner was an American artist primarily known for his murals. During World War I, he and sculptor Sherry Edmundson Fry organized artists for training as camouflage specialists, an effort that contributed to the founding of the American Camouflage Corps in 1917.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Frances Grimes</span> American sculptor

Frances Taft Grimes was an American sculptor, best remembered for her bas-relief portraits and busts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Homer Saint-Gaudens</span> American art museum director (1880–1953)

Homer Shiff Saint-Gaudens (1880–1953) was the only child of sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens and his wife Augusta. He served as the Director of the Art Museum of the Carnegie Institute and was a founder of the Saint-Gaudens Memorial, a non-profit organization that maintained the family home as a museum before its donation to the National Park Service in 1965.

The Tank Corps, National Army, was the stateside tank unit of the United States Army during and after World War I. Preceded by the Tank Service of the National Army of 15 February 1918 in the 65th Engineers at Camp Meade, the service was removed from the Engineer Corps and organized as the Tank Corps, National Army, with command transferring from Col H. H. Ferguson to Col Ira Clinton Welborn on 9 March.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">244th Air Defense Artillery Regiment</span> Military unit

The 244th Air Defense Artillery Regiment is an air defense artillery regiment of the United States Army first formed on June 24, 1799 as the 6th Regiment of Infantry (NYNG).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grace Banker</span> US Signal Corps personnel

Grace D. Banker was a telephone operator who served during World War I (1917–1918) as chief operator of mobile for the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) in the U.S. Army Signal Corps. She led thirty-three women telephone operators known popularly as Hello Girls. They were assigned in New York to travel to France to operate telephone switch boards at the war front in Paris, and at Chaumont, Haute-Marne. They also operated the telephone switch boards at First Army headquarters at Ligny-en-Barrois, about 5 miles (8.0 km) to the south of Saint-Mihiel, and later during the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. After her return to civilian life, Banker and her team members were treated as citizen volunteers and initially not given recognition as members of the military. In 1919, Banker was honoured with the Distinguished Service Medal for her services with the First Army headquarters during the St. Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne Offensives, with a commendation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stevedore operations, American Expeditionary Forces</span>

Stevedore operations were established by the United States Army to provide movement of supplies through ports in support of the American Expeditionary Forces during World War I. The first American stevedores in France were civilians. Stevedores were originally organized into regiments, and were among the first troops sent to France. Three regiments and two separate battalions were deployed, and were later reorganized into separate battalions and transferred from the Army Service Corps to the Transportation Corps. The battalions were inactivated in France and the troops were assigned to companies without a branch affiliation for their return to the U.S.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Women's Reserve Camouflage Corps</span>

The Women's Reserve Camouflage Corps was a specialized unit of American women artists formed during World War I to design and test camouflage techniques for the military. They created both clothing and disguised military equipment for the war effort. Disbanded at the end of the war, women volunteered again to work on camouflage projects in World War II.

References

  1. "Camoufleurs' Experiences Heard at Reunion Party". Brooklyn Chat, Brooklyn New York. 25 October 1919. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  2. "Seeks Artists for War Work". Seattle Star, Seattle, Washington. 28 July 1917. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  3. "Theaters". York Gazette, York Pennsylvania. 5 April 1918. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  4. 1 2 International Studio. John Lane Company. 1 January 1919. p. 73. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  5. "Pledges Troth Here to Nurse He Faced Death with Over There". Morning Call, Paterson, New Jersey. 26 June 1919. Retrieved 25 September 2021.