American Slavery, American Freedom

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American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia
American Slavery, American Freedom.jpg
First edition
Author Edmund Morgan
LanguageEnglish
SubjectAmerican history, Virginia, slavery
GenreNon-fiction
Publisher W W Norton & Co Inc
Publication date
September 1975
Publication placeUnited States
Media typePrint, ebook, audiobook
Pages464 pages
ISBN 039305554X

American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia is a 1975 history text [1] by American historian Edmund Morgan. [2] The work was first published in September 1975 through W W Norton & Co Inc and is considered to be one of Morgan's seminal works. [3] [4]

Contents

Synopsis

American Slavery, American Freedom is Morgan's answer to the paradox which he himself formulates in the beginning of the book: that of Virginia being both the birthplace of the democratic republican United States and, at the same time, the largest slave-holding colony and later, state. [5] [6] Among voluminous other sources, Morgan employs the archives of Virginia's House of Burgesses, circa 1620 and beyond to explore this paradox and find an explanation for it.

Much of the book is a description of the problem of poverty in England during the 17th century, one of the solutions to which was to send the English poor (many of them shiftless troublemakers) [7] over to the American colonies as indentured servants.

Morgan then focuses on the conflict in 17th century Virginia between the self-serving governing oligarchy and the much larger populations of land-owning freemen, poor freemen, white indentured servants, and black slaves (the last, originally a very small percentage of the population); he shows how such uprisings as Bacon's Rebellion left the oligarchs worried about retaining power. Morgan also suggests that rebel leader Nathaniel Bacon, in encouraging his followers' vengeful hatred of Indians—whatever their tribe and peaceableness—provided Virginia with its first instance of "racism as a political strategy." [8] [9]

Morgan then describes the economics of the Atlantic slave trade during the 17th century and explains how, over time, enslaved Africans became a cheaper labor source to Virginian planters than indentured servants from England, causing the population of poor whites to stop growing while the population of black enslaved workers grew proportionately larger. [10]

Finally, Morgan asserts that, in the late 1600s and early 1700s, [11] the oligarchs enacted strict slave laws for (he alleges) the deliberate purpose of driving a social wedge between enslaved blacks and poor whites—thus creating, so to speak, American racism. [12]

Reception

Warren M. Billings criticized American Slavery, American Freedom as being too simplistic while also stating that it was "a stimulating book". [13]

The Baltimore Sun commented that the title was "misleading" and that it was more about "the ordeal of living in Seventeenth-Century Virginia" than about slavery. [14]

According to Kathleen Brown, new research has appeared with the passage of several decades, much of which complicates or challenges Morgan's description of the encounter between Native Americans and colonists, the rise of slavery, the availability of white indentured servants in the second half of the seventeenth century, and the implications of Bacon's Rebellion. Nevertheless, she notes, the book continues to be assigned in history courses because of Morgan's "eloquent prose, his ability to link key concepts in American history, and his effort to bring the sensibilities of the post-Vietnam era to one of the central tragedies and ironies of American history." [15]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bacon's Rebellion</span> 1675–1676 Virginia rebellion against the colonial government

Bacon's Rebellion was an armed rebellion held by Virginia settlers that took place from 1676 to 1677. It was led by Nathaniel Bacon against Colonial Governor William Berkeley, after Berkeley refused Bacon's request to drive Native American Indians out of Virginia. Thousands of Virginians from all classes and races rose up in arms against Berkeley, chasing him from Jamestown and ultimately torching the settlement. The rebellion was first suppressed by a few armed merchant ships from London whose captains sided with Berkeley and the loyalists. Government forces arrived soon after and spent several years defeating pockets of resistance and reforming the colonial government to be once more under direct Crown control. While the rebellion did not succeed in the initial goal of driving the Native Americans from Virginia, it did result in Berkeley being recalled to England.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Slavery in the colonial history of the United States</span> Slavery in colonies that became the United States

Slavery in the colonial history of the United States refers to the institution of slavery that existed in the European colonies in North America which eventually became part of the United States of America. Slavery developed due to a combination of factors, primarily the labor demands for establishing and maintaining European colonies, which had resulted in the Atlantic slave trade. Slavery existed in every European colony in the Americas during the early modern period, and both Africans and indigenous peoples were targets of enslavement by European colonists during the era.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Indentured servitude</span> Consensual or punitive unpaid labor

Indentured servitude is a form of labor in which a person is contracted to work without salary for a specific number of years. The contract, called an "indenture", may be entered voluntarily for purported eventual compensation or debt repayment, or imposed involuntarily as a judicial punishment. The practice has been compared to the similar institution of slavery, although there are differences.

Edmund Sears Morgan was an American historian and an authority on early American history. He was the Sterling Professor of History at Yale University, where he taught from 1955 to 1986. He specialized in American colonial history, with some attention to English history. Thomas S. Kidd says he was noted for his incisive writing style, "simply one of the best academic prose stylists America has ever produced." He covered many topics, including Puritanism, political ideas, the American Revolution, slavery, historiography, family life, and numerous notables such as Benjamin Franklin.

A headright refers to a legal grant of land given to settlers during the period of European colonization in the Americas. A "headright" includes both the grant of land and the owner that claims the land. The person who has a right to the land is the one who paid to transport people to a colony. Headrights are most notable for their role in the expansion of the Thirteen Colonies; the Virginia Company gave headrights to settlers, and the Plymouth Company followed suit. The headright system was used in several colonies, including Maryland, Georgia, North Carolina and South Carolina. Most headrights were for 1 to 1,000 acres (4.0 km2) of land, and were granted to those who were willing to cross the Atlantic and help populate the colonies. Headrights were granted to anyone who would pay for the transportation costs of an indentured laborer. These land grants consisted of 50 acres (0.20 km2) for someone newly moving to the area and 100 acres (0.40 km2) for people previously living in the area. By ensuring the landowning masters had legal ownership of all land acquired, the indentured laborers after their indenture period had passed had little opportunity to procure their own land. This kept a large portion of the citizens of the Thirteen Colonies poor and led to tensions between the laborers and the landowners.

<i>Partus sequitur ventrem</i> Former legal doctrine of slavery by birth

Partus sequitur ventrem was a legal doctrine passed in colonial Virginia in 1662 and other English crown colonies in the Americas which defined the legal status of children born there; the doctrine mandated that children of enslaved mothers would inherit the legal status of their mothers. As such, children of enslaved women would be born into slavery. The legal doctrine of partus sequitur ventrem was derived from Roman civil law, specifically the portions concerning slavery and personal property (chattels), as well as the common law of personal property; analogous legislation existed in other civilizations including Medieval Egypt in Africa and Korea in Asia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">George Washington and slavery</span> George Washingtons relationship with slavery

The history of George Washington and slavery reflects Washington's changing attitude toward the ownership of human beings. The preeminent Founding Father of the United States and a hereditary slaveowner, Washington became increasingly uneasy with it. Slavery was then a longstanding institution dating back over a century in Virginia where he lived; it was also longstanding in other American colonies and in world history. Washington's will immediately freed one of his slaves, and required his remaining 123 slaves to serve his wife and be freed no later than her death, so they ultimately became free one year after his own death.

The Virginia Slave Codes of 1705, were a series of laws enacted by the Colony of Virginia's House of Burgesses in 1705 regulating the interactions between slaves and citizens of the crown colony of Virginia. The enactment of the Slave Codes is considered to be the consolidation of slavery in Virginia, and served as the foundation of Virginia's slave legislation. All servants from non-Christian lands became slaves. There were forty one parts of this code each defining a different part and law surrounding the slavery in Virginia. These codes overruled the other codes in the past and any other subject covered by this act are canceled.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John Casor</span> American slave

John Casor, a servant in Northampton County in the Colony of Virginia, in 1655 became one of the first people of African descent in the Thirteen Colonies to be enslaved for life as a result of a civil suit.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anthony Johnson (colonist)</span> Indentured servant, farmer, enslaver (1600–1670)

Anthony Johnson was an Angolan-born man who achieved wealth in the early 17th-century Colony of Virginia. Held as an indentured servant in 1621, he earned his freedom after several years and was granted land by the colony.

Living in a wide range of circumstances and possessing the intersecting identity of both black and female, enslaved women of African descent had nuanced experiences of slavery. Historian Deborah Gray White explains that "the uniqueness of the African-American female's situation is that she stands at the crossroads of two of the most well-developed ideologies in America, that regarding women and that regarding the Negro." Beginning as early on in enslavement as the voyage on the Middle Passage, enslaved women received different treatment due to their gender. In regard to physical labor and hardship, enslaved women received similar treatment to their male counterparts, but they also frequently experienced sexual abuse at the hand of their enslavers who used stereotypes of black women's hypersexuality as justification.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of slavery in New York (state)</span>

The trafficking of enslaved Africans to what became New York began as part of the Dutch slave trade. The Dutch West India Company trafficked eleven enslaved Africans to New Amsterdam in 1626, with the first slave auction held in New Amsterdam in 1655. With the second-highest proportion of any city in the colonies, more than 42% of New York City households enslaved African people by 1703, often as domestic servants and laborers. Others worked as artisans or in shipping and various trades in the city. Enslaved Africans were also used in farming on Long Island and in the Hudson Valley, as well as the Mohawk Valley region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of slavery in Pennsylvania</span>

When the Dutch and Swedes established colonies in the Delaware Valley of what is now Pennsylvania, in North America, they quickly imported enslaved Africans for labor; the Dutch also transported them south from their colony of New Netherland. Enslavement was documented in this area as early as 1639. William Penn and the colonists who settled in Pennsylvania tolerated slavery. Still, the English Quakers and later German immigrants were among the first to speak out against it. Many colonial Methodists and Baptists also opposed it on religious grounds. During the Great Awakening of the late 18th century, their preachers urged slaveholders to free their slaves. High British tariffs in the 18th century discouraged the importation of additional slaves, and encouraged the use of white indentured servants and free labor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Elizabeth Key Grinstead</span> Enslaved woman in colonial America (1630–1665)

Elizabeth Key Grinstead (or Greenstead) (1630 – January 20, 1665) was one of the first Black people in the Thirteen Colonies to sue for freedom from slavery and win. Key won her freedom and that of her infant son, John Grinstead, on July 21, 1656, in the Colony of Virginia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of slavery in Maryland</span>

Slavery in Maryland lasted over 200 years, from its beginnings in 1642 when the first Africans were brought as slaves to St. Mary's City, to its end after the Civil War. While Maryland developed similarly to neighboring Virginia, slavery declined in Maryland as an institution earlier, and it had the largest free black population by 1860 of any state. The early settlements and population centers of the province tended to cluster around the rivers and other waterways that empty into the Chesapeake Bay. Maryland planters cultivated tobacco as the chief commodity crop, as the market for cash crops was strong in Europe. Tobacco was labor-intensive in both cultivation and processing, and planters struggled to manage workers as tobacco prices declined in the late 17th century, even as farms became larger and more efficient. At first, indentured servants from England supplied much of the necessary labor but, as England's economy improved, fewer came to the colonies. Maryland colonists turned to importing indentured and enslaved Africans to satisfy the labor demand.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of slavery in Virginia</span>

Slavery in Virginia began with the capture and enslavement of Native Americans during the early days of the English Colony of Virginia and through the late eighteenth century. They primarily worked in tobacco fields. Africans were first brought to colonial Virginia in 1619, when 20 Africans from present-day Angola arrived in Virginia aboard the ship The White Lion.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Treatment of slaves in the United States</span>

The treatment of slaves in the United States often included sexual abuse and rape, the denial of education, and punishments like whippings. Families were often split up by the sale of one or more members, usually never to see or hear of each other again.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</span> People who escaped slavery in Virginia

The Great Dismal Swamp maroons were people who inhabited the swamplands of the Great Dismal Swamp in Virginia and North Carolina after escaping enslavement. Although conditions were harsh, research suggests that thousands lived there between about 1700 and the 1860s. Harriet Beecher Stowe told the maroon people's story in her 1856 novel Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp. The most significant research on the settlements began in 2002 with a project by Dan Sayers of American University.

John Punch was a Central African resident of the colony of Virginia who became its first slave. Thought to have been an indentured servant, Punch attempted to escape to Maryland and was sentenced in July 1640 by the Virginia Governor's Council to serve as a slave for the remainder of his life. Two European men who ran away with him received a lighter sentence of extended indentured servitude. For this reason, some historians consider John Punch the "first official slave in the English colonies," and his case as the "first legal sanctioning of lifelong slavery in the Chesapeake." Some historians also consider this to be one of the first legal distinctions between Europeans and Africans made in the colony, and a key milestone in the development of the institution of slavery in the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Irish indentured servants</span> Irish people in indentured servitude in British Empire overseas territories

Irish indentured servants were Irish people who became indentured servants in territories under the control of the British Empire, such as the British West Indies, British North America and later Australia.

References

  1. read online
  2. Wood, Peter (December 21, 1975). "What went wrong in Virginia, the postwar world, the Middle East; American Slavery American Freedom". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 22 July 2018. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
  3. Parent, Anthony (2006). Foul Means: The Formation of a Slave Society in Virginia, 1660-1740. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 1, 13, 18, 20. ISBN   0807854867. Archived from the original on 2021-02-22. Retrieved 2016-07-06.
  4. Boyd, Kelly (1999). Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing. Routledge. pp. 837–838. ISBN   1884964338. Archived from the original on 2021-02-22. Retrieved 2016-07-06.
  5. Morgan, Edmund S. (1975). American Slavery, American Freedom . W.W. Norton. p. 4. ISBN   978-0393324945. ...the central paradox of American history.... how a people could have developed the dedication to human liberty and dignity exhibited by the leaders of the American Revolution and at the same time have developed and maintained a system of labor that denied human liberty and dignity every hour of the day.
  6. Wayne, Michael (2001). Death of an Overseer:Reopening a Murder Investigation from the Plantation South. Oxford University Press. p. 231. ISBN   0195140036. Archived from the original on 2021-02-22. Retrieved 2016-07-06.
  7. Morgan, Edmund S. (1975). American Slavery, American Freedom. W.W. Norton. p. 67. ISBN   978-0393324945."Laborers were the despair of everyone who employed them, large or small. Robert Loder... an ambitious yeoman farmer... always found reason to bewail the shiftlessness of the men who worked for him."
  8. Brown, Kathleen (July 2001). "Americans on the James: Re-reading American Slavery American Freedom". Commonplace. Vol. 1, no. 4. Archived from the original on 2013-11-04. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
  9. Morgan, Edmund S. (1975). American Slavery, American Freedom. W.W. Norton. p. 269. ISBN   978-0393324945. "...it is surprising that he [Bacon] was able to direct their [his followers] anger for so long against the Indians.... But for those with eyes to see, there was an obvious lesson in the rebellion. Resentment of an alien race might be more powerful than resentment of an upper class. For men bent on the maximum exploitation of labor the implication should have been clear. But Virginians did not immediately grasp it. It would sink in as time went on..."
  10. Morgan, Edmund S. (17 October 2003). American Slavery, American Freedom. p. 299. ISBN   978-0393324945.
  11. Morgan, Edmund S. (1975). American Slavery, American Freedom. W.W. Norton. p. 330. ISBN   978-0393324945."By a series of acts, the assembly deliberately did what it could to foster the contempt of whites for blacks and Indians."
  12. Morgan, Edmund S. (17 October 2003). American Slavery, American Freedom. p. 327. ISBN   978-0393324945."The answer to the problem [of social unrest], obvious if unspoken and only gradually recognized, was racism, to separate dangerous free whites from dangerous enslaved blacks by a screen of racial contempt."
  13. Billings, Warren M. (January 1977). "Review: American Slavery, American Freedom". Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. 85 (1). Archived from the original on 10 September 2012. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
  14. "Slavery without racism?". Baltimore Sun. Nov 2, 1975. Archived from the original on June 30, 2013. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
  15. Brown, Kathleen (July 2001). "Americans on the James: Re-reading American Slavery American Freedom". Commonplace. Vol. 1, no. 4. Archived from the original on 2013-11-04.