Amonix

Last updated
Amonix
Company type Private
Industry Solar power
Electric utility
Sustainable energy
Founded1989
FounderVahan Garboushian
FateAcquired by Arzon Solar, LLC
Headquarters 33°45′33″N118°4′57″W / 33.75917°N 118.08250°W / 33.75917; -118.08250 ,
Seal Beach, California
,
United States
Products Concentrated Photovoltaic Solar Power Systems
Number of employees
30 (2014)
Website amonix.com

Amonix, Inc. was a solar power system developer based in Seal Beach, California. The company manufactured concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) products designed for installation in sunny and dry climates. CPV products convert sunlight into electrical energy in the same way that conventional solar photovoltaic technology does, except that they use optics to focus the solar radiation before the light is absorbed by solar cells. According to a comparative study of energy production of solar technologies, CPV systems require no water for energy production and produce more energy per megawatt (MW) installed than traditional PV systems. [1] Amonix had nearly 70 megawatts (direct current) of CPV solar power systems deployed globally, including Southwestern U.S. [2] [3] and Spain.

Contents

History

In May 2012, the Alamosa Solar Generating Project, owned and operated by Cogentrix Energy, began commercial operation. This was the largest CPV power plant in the world and was expected to produce enough clean renewable energy per year to power more than 6,500 homes and will avoid the emissions of over 43,000 metric tons of carbon dioxide per year.[ needs update ] The Alamosa Solar Generating Project is supported by a power purchase agreement (PPA), which is a long-term agreement to sell the power it will generate. Under the project's PPA, the Public Service Company of Colorado will buy the power generated by the solar facility for the next 20 years. [4] In July 2012, Amonix set the world record for photovoltaic module efficiency at 33.5% (full regression analysis) under nominal operating conditions, verified by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. [5] [6] In April 2013, Amonix broke the record set in July 2012, demonstrating photovoltaic module efficiency at 34.9% (full regression analysis) under normal concentrator standard operating conditions, also verified by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. [7] In August 2013, Amonix announced it had achieved a 35.9% photovoltaic module efficiency rating under concentrator standard test conditions (CSTC) as calculated by NREL. [8] In June, 2014, the assets of Amonix were acquired by Arzon Solar, LLC for the purpose of continued development of CPV technology and products.

History

Amonix was founded in 1989 by CPV solar technology developer, Vahan Garboushian, [9] its current chief executive officer and chairman of the board of directors. Sewang Yoon who developed high efficiency silicon back junction solar cell for HCPV application was co-founder of Amonix. The company began research and development of large-scale CPV solar power systems for the electric utility industry in 1990. Since then Amonix has developed seven generations of progressively advancing CPV solar power systems. [10]

In 1994, the company won R&D Magazine's R&D 100 award for silicon solar cell performance with record conversion efficiency. [11] According to the Department of Energy, Amonix developed the world's most efficient silicon solar cell in 2005, achieving a sunlight-to electricity conversion efficiency of 27.6 percent, which still holds the world record for efficiency of an augmented multi-sun silicon cell. [11]

In 2007, the company began incorporating multijunction solar cell technology originally developed for the space industry into its modular design. [12] The system contains several photovoltaic solar cells which are combined to boost power production even further. Once connected the cells become modules that can be combined into arrays to provide increasing levels of solar power. [13] Amonix has achieved a world record 34.9% outdoor efficiency and 36.2% peak efficiency in its modules. [14]

Amonix opened its 78,000-square-foot (7,200 m2) headquarters in Seal Beach, Cal., in 2008. [15] In December 2009 the company acquired Sunworks Solar LLC, a solar manufacturing plant developer. Sunworks' co-founder and chief executive officer, Brian Robertson, became Amonix CEO as part of the restructuring. [16]

Funding

Amonix received $129.4 million in a Series B financing round, which closed in April 2010. [17] Amonix previously raised $25 million in Series A funding, [18] and also received $15.6 million in cost-share grant funding through the DOE's Solar America Initiative to improve the reliability and reduce the cost of solar electricity to meet national goals (measured as the levelized cost of electricity) of 6 cents per kilowatt hour by 2015. [11]

In addition to the DOE, Amonix investors include Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, MissionPoint Capital Partners, Angeleno Group, PCG Clean Energy & Technology Fund, Vendanta Capital, New Silk Route, The Westly Group, Adams Street Partners, and Goldman Sachs.

In 2011, Amonix won a $4.5 million United States Department of Energy SunShot partnership award under Extreme Balance of System Hardware Reduction to develop a new dual axis tracking system specifically for CPV systems. [19]

Technology

Amonix employs concentrated photovoltaic technology systems which require no water in power production [20] and produce more energy per acre than any other solar technology. [21] CPV technology uses optics to focus large amounts of sunlight onto small photovoltaic surfaces to generate electricity. CPV systems are the most efficient solar energy systems and produce the most energy in dry, sunny climates, where the solar radiation averages 6 kilowatt-hours per square meter per day (6 kW-hr/m2/day) or more. According to the research firm, Global Data, the average cell, module and system efficiencies for CPV systems are expected to reach 50.37 percent, 39.48 percent and 34.03 percent, respectively. [22]

Originally used for space-based applications, [23] the CPV technology was adapted to utility-scale application by Amonix to take advantage of the improved energy efficiencies it offers over the previous silicon-based technology. [24]

The multijunction solar cells used in Amonix CPV systems work by layering semiconductor materials that have different band gaps. [25] Sunlight enters the layer that has the largest band gap and each photon continues to penetrate the solar cell until it reaches the layer that has a smaller band gap than its energy. In this way, multijunction solar cells are more efficient than single layer solar cells because less of the photon's energy is lost to heat when it exceeds the band gap of the absorbing semiconductor material. [25]

Used in conjunction with concentrator optics such as Fresnel lenses, multijunction solar cells are capable of converting sunlight into electricity exceeding 40 percent efficiency. [10] This efficiency rises as the level of concentration increases, but decreases as temperature increases. [26] The Amonix CPV system is designed to keep the cell temperature as low as possible using passive air-cooling.

Amonix CPV systems use refractive Fresnel lenses to focus sunlight 500 times onto multijunction solar cells. [27] The Amonix CPV system is composed of seven proprietary MegaModules™, each with 36 acrylic lenses and multijunction solar cell collector plates. A dual-axis mounting structure tracks the sun throughout the day as the lenses collect sunlight. MegaModules™ are mounted to a patented hydraulic drive tracking structure. The Amonix tracking system follows the sun from dawn to dusk to maintain the sun's focus on the solar cell. This ensures that the system generates close to peak power output throughout the day and produces more energy to better match power demand from utilities. [27]

In February 2013, Amonix signed a Joint Development Agreement (JDA) with solar cell designer and manufacturer Solar Junction for the purpose of continuing to increase CPV performance and drive down cost by combining efforts of the companies. [28]

In April 2013, Amonix broke its own world record for photovoltaic module efficiency at 34.9% (full regression analysis) under nominal operating conditions, verified by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). [5] [6] In discussing the result and plans for the future, Amonix Founder and then CTO Vahan Garboushian recently stated that, "plenty of headroom remains for Amonix to confidently achieve a 40 percent module efficiency in the foreseeable future.". [29]

In August 2013, Amonix announced that it had achieved a rating of 35.9% (full regression analysis) under standard concentrator test conditions (CSTC), calculated by NREL. In the press release Amonix comments that the CSTC result is a direct comparison to PV module efficiencies which are often reported under standard test conditions.

CPV installations

Management team

The management team included:

Awards

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Photovoltaics</span> Method to produce electricity from solar radiation

Photovoltaics (PV) is the conversion of light into electricity using semiconducting materials that exhibit the photovoltaic effect, a phenomenon studied in physics, photochemistry, and electrochemistry. The photovoltaic effect is commercially used for electricity generation and as photosensors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">National Renewable Energy Laboratory</span> United States national laboratory

The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) in the US specializes in the research and development of renewable energy, energy efficiency, energy systems integration, and sustainable transportation. NREL is a federally funded research and development center sponsored by the Department of Energy and operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, a joint venture between MRIGlobal and Battelle. Located in Golden, Colorado, NREL is home to the National Center for Photovoltaics, the National Bioenergy Center, and the National Wind Technology Center.

In the 19th century, it was observed that the sunlight striking certain materials generates detectable electric current – the photoelectric effect. This discovery laid the foundation for solar cells. Solar cells have gone on to be used in many applications. They have historically been used in situations where electrical power from the grid was unavailable.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Solar cell</span> Photodiode used to produce power from light on a large scale

A solar cell or photovoltaic cell is an electronic device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by means of the photovoltaic effect. It is a form of photoelectric cell, a device whose electrical characteristics vary when it is exposed to light. Individual solar cell devices are often the electrical building blocks of photovoltaic modules, known colloquially as "solar panels". The common single-junction silicon solar cell can produce a maximum open-circuit voltage of approximately 0.5 to 0.6 volts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Solar panel</span> Assembly of photovoltaic cells used to generate electricity

A solar panel is a device that converts sunlight into electricity by using photovoltaic (PV) cells. PV cells are made of materials that produce excited electrons when exposed to light. The electrons flow through a circuit and produce direct current (DC) electricity, which can be used to power various devices or be stored in batteries. Solar panels are also known as solar cell panels, solar electric panels, or PV modules.

A photovoltaic system, also called a PV system or solar power system, is an electric power system designed to supply usable solar power by means of photovoltaics. It consists of an arrangement of several components, including solar panels to absorb and convert sunlight into electricity, a solar inverter to convert the output from direct to alternating current, as well as mounting, cabling, and other electrical accessories to set up a working system. It may also use a solar tracking system to improve the system's overall performance and include an integrated battery.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cadmium telluride photovoltaics</span> Type of solar power cell

Cadmium telluride (CdTe) photovoltaics is a photovoltaic (PV) technology based on the use of cadmium telluride in a thin semiconductor layer designed to absorb and convert sunlight into electricity. Cadmium telluride PV is the only thin film technology with lower costs than conventional solar cells made of crystalline silicon in multi-kilowatt systems.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thin-film solar cell</span> Type of second-generation solar cell

Thin-film solar cells are made by depositing one or more thin layers of photovoltaic material onto a substrate, such as glass, plastic or metal. Thin-film solar cells are typically a few nanometers (nm) to a few microns (µm) thick–much thinner than the wafers used in conventional crystalline silicon (c-Si) based solar cells, which can be up to 200 µm thick. Thin-film solar cells are commercially used in several technologies, including cadmium telluride (CdTe), copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS), and amorphous thin-film silicon.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Concentrator photovoltaics</span> Use of mirror or lens assemblies to generate current from multi-junction solar cells

Concentrator photovoltaics (CPV) is a photovoltaic technology that generates electricity from sunlight. Unlike conventional photovoltaic systems, it uses lenses or curved mirrors to focus sunlight onto small, highly efficient, multi-junction (MJ) solar cells. In addition, CPV systems often use solar trackers and sometimes a cooling system to further increase their efficiency.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Solar cell research</span> Research in the field of photovoltaics

There are currently many research groups active in the field of photovoltaics in universities and research institutions around the world. This research can be categorized into three areas: making current technology solar cells cheaper and/or more efficient to effectively compete with other energy sources; developing new technologies based on new solar cell architectural designs; and developing new materials to serve as more efficient energy converters from light energy into electric current or light absorbers and charge carriers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alamosa Solar Generating Project</span> Concentrated photovoltaic power station in Colorado, United States

The Alamosa Solar Generating Plant is a 35.3 MWp (30.0 MWAC) concentrator photovoltaics (CPV) power station, the largest in the world when it was completed, in May 2012. It is currently the world's third largest operating CPV facility. The output is being sold to Public Service of Colorado, a subsidiary of Xcel Energy, under a long term Power Purchase Agreement.

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to solar energy:

The Hatch Solar Energy Center is a 5.88 MWp (5.0 MWAC) photovoltaic power station. It was built by Blattner Energy using 84 dual-axis trackers and Amonix 7700 concentrator photovoltaics (CPV) panels, each of which contains 7,560 Fresnel lenses to concentrate sunlight 500 times onto multijunction photovoltaic cells. It was the largest CPV facility in North America when it was completed in 2011. The facility was subsequently repowered with SunPower panels that use high-efficiency monocrystalline silicon cells without concentration. The output is being sold to El Paso Electric, under a 25-year power purchase agreement (PPA). Annual electricity production is expected to be about 11,000 MW·h/year.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Concentrated photovoltaic thermal system</span>

The combination of photovoltaic (PV) technology, solar thermal technology, and reflective or refractive solar concentrators has been a highly appealing option for developers and researchers since the late 1970s and early 1980s. The result is what is known as a concentrated photovoltaic thermal (CPVT) system which is a hybrid combination of concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) and photovoltaic thermal (PVT) systems.

The Newberry Springs CPV Power Plant is a 1.68 MWp (1.5 MWAC) concentrator photovoltaics (CPV) power station in Newberry Springs, California. It was built by Blattner Energy using 60 dual-axis CX-S530 systems, each of which contains 12 CX-M500 modules. Each module contains 2,400 Fresnel lenses to concentrate sunlight 500 times onto multi-junction solar cells, allowing a greater efficiency than other photovoltaic power plants. The output is being sold to Southern California Edison under a 20-year Power Purchase Agreement.

The Eubank Landfill Solar Array is a photovoltaic power station in Albuquerque, New Mexico that consists of 1.0 MWAC of concentrator photovoltaics (CPV) and 1.0 MWAC of flat-panel silicon photovoltaics (PV). It is the only utility-scale CPV system utilizing Suncore third-generation technology that is operational and grid-connected in the US. A portion of the output is being sold to PNM under a Power Purchase Agreement.

The Victor Valley College Solar Farm is a 1.26 MWp (1.02 MWAC) concentrator photovoltaics (CPV) power station in Victorville, California. Upon completion in May 2010 it was the largest CPV project installed in North America. It was built by Sachs Electric using 122 dual-axis SF-1100S systems, each of which contains 28 SF-1100 modules. Each module contains reflective optics to concentrate sunlight 650 times onto multi-junction solar cells, allowing a greater efficiency than other photovoltaic power plants. The farm was constructed under California Solar Initiative (CSI) incentives and the projected annual output of 2.3 GW·h partially satisfies electricity consumption at the college.

The Crafton Hills College Solar Farm is a 1.61 MWp (1.30 MWAC) concentrator photovoltaics (CPV) power station in Yucaipa, California. It was built by Rosendin Electric using 140 dual-axis SF-1100S systems, each of which contains 28 SF-1100 modules. Each module contains reflective optics to concentrate sunlight 650 times onto multi-junction solar cells, allowing a greater efficiency than other photovoltaic power plants. The farm was constructed under California Solar Initiative (CSI) incentives and the projected annual output of 2.7 GW·h partially satisfies electricity consumption at the college.

The University of Arizona CPV Array is a 2.38 MWp (2.0 MWAC) concentrator photovoltaics (CPV) power station in Tucson, Arizona. It consists of 34 Amonix 7700 systems constructed in the Solar Zone of the University of Arizona's Science and Technology Park (UASTP). It uses all three of the methods available to increase efficiency: dual-axis tracking, Fresnel lens sunlight concentrators, and multi-junction cells. The annual electricity production is expected to be about 3.5 GW·h, and is being sold to Tucson Electric Power (TEP) under a 20-year power purchase agreement (PPA).

The Questa Solar Facility is a 1.17 MWp (1.0 MWAC) concentrator photovoltaics (CPV) power station in Questa, New Mexico. Upon its completion in late 2010, it was one of the largest CPV facilities in the world, and the first utility-scale installation of Concentrix Solar technology in the United States. Annual electricity production is expected to average about 2.1 GW·h, and is being sold to the Kit Carson Electric Cooperative under a 20-year power purchase agreement (PPA).

References

  1. ↑ David Lecoufle, Fabian Kuhn. "A Place for PV, Tracked-PV and CPV: A Comparative Study of the Energy Production from the Three Technologies According to the Available Solar Resources" (PDF). Lahmeyer International GmbH. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2009.
  2. ↑ "Cogentrix Energy's Alamosa Solar Generating Plant Begins Commercial Operation". Cogentrix News. Archived from the original on 23 April 2012.
  3. ↑ "Biggest CPV Project in the US is up and running". GreenTech Media. 22 August 2011.
  4. ↑ "Cogentrix Energy's Alamosa Solar Generating Plant Begins Commercial Operation". Cogentrix News. Archived from the original on 25 October 2012.
  5. 1 2 Green, Martin A.; Emery, Keith; Hishikawa, Yoshihiro; Warta, Wilhelm; Dunlop, Ewan D. (2013). "Solar cell efficiency tables (version 41)". Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications. 21: 1–11. doi:10.1002/pip.2352. S2CID   98228571.
  6. 1 2 "Opportunities and Challenges for Development of a Mature Concentrating Photovoltaic Power Industry" (PDF). National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
  7. ↑ "Amonix Achieves World Record for PV Module Efficiency in Test at NREL". Business Wire. 26 April 2013.
  8. ↑ "Amonix Achieves World Record 35.9% PV Module Efficiency Rating at NREL". 20 August 2013.
  9. ↑ "Amonix, Inc". Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on 12 October 2012.
  10. 1 2 "Bulk Power Generator Produces More Power Per Tower" (PDF). National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
  11. 1 2 3 "New, Cost-Competitive Solar Plants for Electric Utilities" (PDF). U.S. Department of Energy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 April 2013. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
  12. ↑ Robert Gordon; Alexander Slade; Vahan Garboushian (September 2007). Symko-Davies, Martha (ed.). "A 30% efficient (>250 Watt) module using multijunction solar cells and their one-year on-sun field performance". High and Low Concentration for Solar Electric Applications II. 6649: 664902. Bibcode:2007SPIE.6649E..02G. doi: 10.1117/12.732700 .
  13. ↑ US Department of Energy, "Photovoltaic Systems", Energy Basics, February 2011
  14. ↑ "Amonix Breaks Another World Record For PV Module Efficiency". SolarLove.org. 30 April 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
  15. ↑ "DOE Solar Energy Technologies Program Annual Report, FY 2008" (PDF). U.S. Department of Energy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 December 2013. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
  16. ↑ "Solar Industry Leader Amonix Acquires Sunworks Solar". eSolar Energy News. Retrieved 23 December 2009.
  17. ↑ "Amonix raises $129 million for concentrating photovoltaic technology". Venturebeat. 21 April 2010. Retrieved 21 April 2010.
  18. ↑ "$130M for Amonix: CPV Refined and Reconsidered". GreenTechMedia. 21 April 2010. Archived from the original on 25 April 2010. Retrieved 21 April 2010.
  19. 1 2 "DOE SunShot Awards" (PDF). DOE.
  20. ↑ "Concentrating Solar Power Commercial Application Study: Reducing Water Consumption of Concentrating Solar Power Electricity Generation - Report to Congress" (PDF). Department of Energy.
  21. ↑ Stephanie Rosenthal, "More Energy per Acre", Solar PV Management, August 2010, p70-73
  22. ↑ "Concentrated Photovoltaic (CPV) - Global Installation Size, Cost Analysis, Efficiencies and Competitive Analysis to 2020". GlobalData. Archived from the original on 23 March 2012. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
  23. ↑ Philip Wong, Peter Peumans, Yoshio Nishi, Mark Brongersma, "Lateral Nanoconcentrator Nanowire Multijunction Photovoltaic Cells", Stanford University Global Climate & Energy Project, December 2007
  24. ↑ "Concentrated Photovoltaics". Green Grid Partners. Archived from the original on 17 August 2011.
  25. 1 2 Steven, Lansel. "Technology and Future of III-V Multi-Junction Solar Cells". School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology. Retrieved 21 April 2005.
  26. ↑ "Determination of the Thermodynamic Limiting Efficiency of CPV Systems" (PDF). Masdar Institute of Science and Technology. Retrieved 11 September 2019.[ permanent dead link ]
  27. 1 2 "Super-Efficient Cells Key to Low-Cost Solar Power". National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Archived from the original on 23 February 2011. Retrieved 16 February 2011.
  28. ↑ "SILICON VALLEY-BASED SOLAR JUNCTION SIGNS AGREEMENT WITH AMONIX". Archived from the original on 14 August 2013. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
  29. ↑ "CPV Solar at Record 33 Percent Efficiency in Field". GreenTech Media. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
  30. ↑ "Cogentrix Alamosa Solar Project Selected As Finalist For Solar Project of the Year". Cogentrix News. Archived from the original on 10 April 2013.
  31. ↑ "2010 R&D 100 Awards Winners". R&D Magazine. Archived from the original on 10 July 2010. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
  32. ↑ "Frost & Sullivan Presents the 2010 Excellence in Best Practices Awards". Frost & Sullivan. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
  33. ↑ "The 2010 Global Cleantech 100 Report". Cleantech Group LLC. Retrieved 11 September 2019.

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