Amplifier modeling is the use of solid state or digital signal processing technology to emulate the sound and functionality of traditional, typically vacuum tube-based, guitar amplifiers. Since the technology's inception, amplifier modelers have generally sought to give players access to a large collection of notable amplifier models at a much lower cost with greater convenience than buying real amps.[1]
Modelers come in many formats, including desktop processors, rackmount units, floorboards, stompboxes, and audio plug-ins. Most emulate not only amplifier models, but speaker cabinets, microphones, and effects. Modelers became prominent in the 1990s with analog pedals like the Tech 21 Sansamp and digital processors like the Line 6POD. In the 2000s, the Fractal Audio Axe-FX and Kemper Profiler established the viability of digital modeling for professional musicians, while further advancement of the technology and the introduction of lower-cost options has helped create a technological revolution in the industry and sparked a long-running debate over the merits of tube-based amplifiers compared to modelers.[2]
History
An Axe-FX Ultra
Modeling technology began as early as the 1970s with the 1979 introduction of PA:CE's Redmere Soloist combo amplifier, which had three analog channels, each emulating the sound of a Fender, Marshall, and Vox style of amp.[3] In 1989, Tech 21 released its analog amplifier modeler, the SansAmp, which replicated the tones of Fender, Marshall, and Mesa/Boogie amplifiers and became popular among recording engineers and producers in the 1990s. Kurt Cobain notably used one as an overdrive pedal.[4]Line 6 released its first digital modeling amplifier, the AxSys, in 1996, as a 2x12 combo. Johnson Amplification, a DigiTech subsidiary, also released digital modelers in combo format, but these all sold poorly. In 1997, Line 6 repurposed the AxSys technology as Amp Farm, a software plug-in for Pro Tools, and followed a year later with the desktop POD processor to much greater success, which helped spur wider interest in developing modeling technology.[4]
These early modelers, however, were regarded by most as only home practice tools,[5] but as processing power improved, so too did the realism of the modeled amps.[3] In 2002, IK Multimedia released its AmpliTube amplifier and effects modeling platform, which played a major role in the development of audio plug-ins that create computer-based virtual amp and effects modelling suites.[6]Fractal Audio's rackmount Axe-FX, released in 2006, became the first hardware modeler considered accurate enough for professional use.[7] Although classified as an amplifier modeler, Fractal founder Cliff Chase has stated his priority with the Axe-FX was not exact emulation of classic guitar amps but rather recreating their sounds in the context of a modern device which emphasized expanded tonal control.[8] The success of the Axe-FX sparked an "arms race" among rival amp modeler manufacturers to bring to market their own products with more advanced specs and build quality.[9]
While modelers sought to replicate entire amplifier setups, Two Notes' rackmount Torpedo VB-101, released in 2010, kickstarted a trend of dedicated impulse response loader devices, which allow tube amp users to plug in for silent recording with digital emulations of speaker cabinets and microphones.[6] The Kemper Profiler followed in 2011, pioneering "profiling", also known as "capturing", a technology that allows users to create and use digital versions of their own physical gear.[1] While the Profiler "dropped like a bomb on the guitar universe", it and the Axe-FX were expensive.[2] More affordable alternatives that followed included the Boss GT-1000 multi-effects processor, Line 6 Helix floorboards,[2] and Yamaha THR "desktop" amp.[6] Boss debuted its Katana line of analog-digital hybrid amplifiers in 2016, and it has since become the industry's bestselling amp line.[10] Three years later, Fender entered the modeling amplifier market with their Tone Master series, which replaced the tube-driven circuits of classic Fender models with digital circuitry, but otherwise maintained the format and aesthetic of the original amps.[6]
Modelers have become more compact and inexpensive as digital signal processing technology has progressed, with budget offerings from brands like Mooer, NUX, and Joyo.[2] Positive Grid released its affordable, desktop Spark amplifier line in 2019 and it became the industry's most popular "smart" amp.[6] Many brands now incorporate AI and machine learning into their products and design process.[2] One such company, Neural DSP, established itself through audio plug-ins before releasing their first piece of hardware, the Quad Cortex, in 2020, to acclaim.[11]
Tube amplifier versus modeler debate
The success of digital modeling in an otherwise analog industry has led to a long-running debate over the merits of tube amplifiers compared to modelers.[2] Tube amp players often appreciate the nostalgia of the technology and argue analog amps and cabinets have a "soul" that cannot be replicated. Users point to modelers being unable to capture factors like the interaction between an amp and speaker cabinet or qualities like power amp sag and the physical "push" of air. Modeler fans argue that the portability, consistency, and reliability of modelers outweighs the "romance" of tube amplifiers and that advances like machine learning were increasingly able to capture non-linear amp behaviors like power amp sag and dynamic response.[2]Guitar World wrote that "there's no doubt modeling amps are much more versatile, usable options for the vast majority of guitar players out there" and that modelers "sound every bit as good as a tube amp".[12]Guitar World, however, also wrote that they did not believe tube amps "will ever truly go away."[12] In 2025, Premier Guitar was critical of what they portrayed as an approaching saturation point with digital modelers, as the devaluation of DSP had led to more and more companies chasing ever-smaller margins of realism at the expense of developing products that inspire creativity.[2]
In 2025, online marketplace Reverb.com noted that while traditional amplifiers outsold modelers overall by a 4-1 margin that year, the top-five bestselling amp models were all digital and no tube amps were in the top ten. Reverb concluded, "It's clear to see that modelers have won the battle."[13]
Types
The Roland Micro Cube, left, a small and portable digital modeling amplifier.
Digital amp modelers
Standalone modeling devices such as the Line 6 POD and Fractal Axe-FX digitize the input signal and use a dedicated microprocessor to process the signal with digital computation, attempting to achieve the sound of traditional amplifiers in a less costly and more compact device. These modelers can be connected directly to a recording device or PA system without having to use a power section, speaker cabinet, and microphone. Most modelers generally also include a variety of effects apart from the amp emulations and some can be connected via USB for computer-based recording. In the 2020s, they are typically paired with impulse response-based cabinet simulation. Digital amplifier modeling can also be software, such as plug-ins for digital audio workstations.
Digital modeling amplifiers
Modeling amps such as the Peavey Vypyr, Roland Cube, Boss Katana, Fender Mustang, and Line 6 Spider series are amplifiers that include built-in modeling functionality. Some high-end modeling amplifiers such as the Vox Valvetronix and the 60/120 watt versions of the Peavey Vypyr combine the digital modeling process with actual vacuum tube amplification.
Analog emulators
Analog modeling systems utilize analog circuitry in signal processing, such as filters, amplifiers, and waveshapers. Simple conceptual circuits mimicking a certain attribute have topologically evolved to become more and more complex in order to provide a more detailed or realistic emulation. Basically, the concept of analog signal processing is ancient but it is somewhat controversial when people began to refer to certain processing techniques as modeling. Analog modelers include Tech 21's SansAmp line of products and the DSM Simplifier series.
Notable products
Boss Katana – a series of digital/analog hybrid modeling amplifiers with on-board effects
Fractal Audio Axe-FX – a rackmount unit that combines amplifier modeling with speaker cabinet simulation and effects processing.
Neural DSP Quad Cortex - a floor modeler for use with pre-programmed amp and effects models as well as plug-ins
Kemper Profiler - a series of modelers that allow users to create digital profiles of their own amplifier gear
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