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Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are tubes made of carbon with diameters typically measured in nanometers.
Nanotechnology, also shortened to nanotech, is the use of matter on an atomic, molecular, and supramolecular scale for industrial purposes. The earliest, widespread description of nanotechnology referred to the particular technological goal of precisely manipulating atoms and molecules for fabrication of macroscale products, also now referred to as molecular nanotechnology. A more generalized description of nanotechnology was subsequently established by the National Nanotechnology Initiative, which defined nanotechnology as the manipulation of matter with at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometers. This definition reflects the fact that quantum mechanical effects are important at this quantum-realm scale, and so the definition shifted from a particular technological goal to a research category inclusive of all types of research and technologies that deal with the special properties of matter which occur below the given size threshold. It is therefore common to see the plural form "nanotechnologies" as well as "nanoscale technologies" to refer to the broad range of research and applications whose common trait is size.
Wilson Benesch is a British company that designs and manufactures high-end audio equipment, most notably loudspeakers and turntables. Wilson Benesch was founded in 1989, in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England. Today the company is regarded as one of the major high-technology audio design companies in the United Kingdom. Wilson Benesch operates its entire design and manufacturing operation from Falcon House, an art-deco styled building in the North-West of the city and the original home of Batchelors, built in the 1930s.
The history of nanotechnology traces the development of the concepts and experimental work falling under the broad category of nanotechnology. Although nanotechnology is a relatively recent development in scientific research, the development of its central concepts happened over a longer period of time. The emergence of nanotechnology in the 1980s was caused by the convergence of experimental advances such as the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope in 1981 and the discovery of fullerenes in 1985, with the elucidation and popularization of a conceptual framework for the goals of nanotechnology beginning with the 1986 publication of the book Engines of Creation. The field was subject to growing public awareness and controversy in the early 2000s, with prominent debates about both its potential implications as well as the feasibility of the applications envisioned by advocates of molecular nanotechnology, and with governments moving to promote and fund research into nanotechnology. The early 2000s also saw the beginnings of commercial applications of nanotechnology, although these were limited to bulk applications of nanomaterials rather than the transformative applications envisioned by the field.
The impact of nanotechnology extends from its medical, ethical, mental, legal and environmental applications, to fields such as engineering, biology, chemistry, computing, materials science, and communications.
In nanotechnology, a carbon nanobud is a material that combines carbon nanotubes and spheroidal fullerenes, both allotropes of carbon, in the same structure, forming "buds" attached to the tubes. Carbon nanobuds were discovered and synthesized in 2006.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to nanotechnology:
Green nanotechnology refers to the use of nanotechnology to enhance the environmental sustainability of processes producing negative externalities. It also refers to the use of the products of nanotechnology to enhance sustainability. It includes making green nano-products and using nano-products in support of sustainability.
Because of the ongoing controversy on the implications of nanotechnology, there is significant debate concerning whether nanotechnology or nanotechnology-based products merit special government regulation. This mainly relates to when to assess new substances prior to their release into the market, community and environment.
The societal impact of nanotechnology are the potential benefits and challenges that the introduction of novel nanotechnological devices and materials may hold for society and human interaction. The term is sometimes expanded to also include nanotechnology's health and environmental impact, but this article will only consider the social and political impact of nanotechnology.
Carbon Fiber-reinforced polymers, carbon-fibre-reinforced polymers, or carbon-fiber-reinforced plastics, or carbon-fiber reinforced-thermoplastic, are extremely strong and light fiber-reinforced plastics that contain carbon fibers. CFRPs can be expensive to produce, but are commonly used wherever high strength-to-weight ratio and stiffness (rigidity) are required, such as aerospace, superstructures of ships, automotive, civil engineering, sports equipment, and an increasing number of consumer and technical applications.
Zyvex Technologies is a molecular engineering company headquartered in Columbus, Ohio. Zyvex Technologies focuses on developing advanced materials, including prepreg, epoxy resins, and adhesives.
A nanoknife is a carbon nanotube-based prototype compression cutting tool intended for sectioning of biological cells. Working principle is similar to that of a 'cheese slicer', a nanometer-thin individual carbon nanotube strung between two tungsten needles would allow sectioning of very thin slices of biological matter for imaging under an electron microscope. Tests are currently being performed by scientists at Virginia Tech, CU-Boulder and other universities. A successful development of this new tool will allow scientists and biologists to make 3D images of cells and tissues for electron tomography, which typically requires samples less than ~300 nanometers in thickness. In 2009, the nano-knife was used to create indentation marks on biological cell plasticizer. The whole cutting process is currently limited by electron charging of polymeric specimen in the SEM, which makes it difficult to observe any small cut or mark as the carbon nanotube is pressed against the specimen.
Zyvex is a molecular nanotechnology company, founded by James R. Von Ehr II in 1997.
Hybtonite is trademark of Amroy Europe Oy for carbon nanoepoxy resins. It is a family of composite resins reinforced with carbon nanotubes (CNTs).
Ninithi is free and open source modelling software that can be used to visualize and analyze carbon materials used in nanotechnology. Users of ninithi can visualize the 3D molecular geometries of graphene/nano-ribbons, carbon nanotubes and fullerenes. Ninithi also provides features to simulate the electronic band structures of graphene and carbon nanotubes. The software was developed by Lanka Software Foundation, in Sri Lanka and released in 2010 under the GPL licence. Ninithi is written in the Java programming language and available for both Microsoft Windows and Linux platforms.
OCSiAl is a global nanotechnology company conducting its operations worldwide. The OCSiAl headquarters are located in Luxembourg, with several offices in the United States, Asia, Mexico, Australia and Germany.
Hannu Häkkinen is a Finnish physicist and professor of computational nanoscience at the University of Jyväskylä.
Nanotechnology in warfare is a branch of nano-science in which molecular systems are designed, produced and created to fit a nano-scale (1-100 nm). The application of such technology, specifically in the area of warfare and defence, has paved the way for future research in the context of weaponisation. Nanotechnology unites a variety of scientific fields including material science, chemistry, physics, biology and engineering.
Hashem Rafii-Tabar is a British-Iranian professor and scientist within computational physics and nanoscience. He is primarily known for his contribution to the computational physics of nanostructures with important applications such as Carbon Nanotubes.
References
- ↑ "Nano Business Born in NSC". University of Jyväskylä, Nanoscience Center. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 27 November 2010.
- ↑ "History - Hybtonite Story". Amroy. Archived from the original on 6 July 2010. Retrieved 27 November 2010.
- ↑ "From Spearheads to Hunting - Evaluation of Nano Programmes in Finland" (PDF), Raivio et al., Tekes (Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation), pp. Ch. 5.2, October 2010, archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2011, retrieved 27 November 2010
- ↑ "Amroy receives European Technology Innovation Award for advanced nanotechnology". Finnfacts. 8 February 2010. Archived from the original on 25 December 2010. Retrieved 2010-11-21.
- ↑ Hoheisel, Werner (24 September 2008). "Nanotech for CO2-free energy generation" (PDF). Bayer Technology Services GmbH. Retrieved 21 November 2010.
- ↑ "Supra-X / Infra-X". Peltonen Sports Oy. Archived from the original on 8 May 2009. Retrieved 27 November 2010.